RIO DE JANEIRO, 23 junho (TerraViva)  A Conferencia Global para os Assentamentos Humanos (Habitat II), em Istambul há 16 anos, foi das mais abertas à participação da sociedade civil, senão a campeã. Acolheu num grosso volume conclusivo milhares de  propostas e recomendações dos participantes.

Estava fadado ao esquecimento. “Faltou estratégia”, avaliou Jaime Lerner, certificado como grande urbanista pela inovadora gestão de Curitiba décadas atrás.

Sociedade civil: desejo de soluções rápidas para demandas complexas. Crédito: Ana Libisch

A Rio+20, pela via oposta, terminou também sem permitir que se vislumbre uma estratégia para desarmar a armadilha em que se meteu a humanidade. Propostas das ONGs foram excluídas. Mas poderia a conferencia governamental, com 99 por cento de países capitalistas, digerir as teses anticapitalistas do fórum não governamental ?

A Declaração Final da Cúpula dos Povos na Rio+20 assume o “desafio urgente de frear a nova fase de recomposição do capitalismo”, em que “o povo organizado e mobilizado” é a única forma capaz de “libertar o mundo do controle das corporações e do capital financeiro”.

A principal contribuição dessa Conferencia sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável pode ser um choque de realismo como estímulo a uma reflexão, a partir do reconhecimento de realidades ignoradas tanto na pretensão de se apontar “O futuro que queremos” no documento oficial, como na de reunir uma “Cúpula dos Povos” no Aterro do Flamengo, sugerindo uma hierarquia rejeitada por esses mesmos “povos” quando se reúnem no Forum Social Mundial.

Essa busca de novos caminhos já começou. Um movimento lançado neste sábado no Rio de Janeiro, o Rio+20+1 dia ou “Day After”, pretende construir uma proposta de “Um novo Contrato Social para o século XXI”, atualizando idéias do pensador Jean Jacques Rousseau, cujo tricentenário se comemora este ano.

A iniciativa, idealizada pelo diretor executivo da UNITAR (Instituto da ONU para Formação Profissional e Pesquisa), Carlos Lopes, foi inaugurada com a presença do presidente do Painel Internacional de Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC), Rajendra Pachauri, e do economista do ecodesenvolvimento, Ignacy Sachs, entre outros.

Há um certo consenso sobre a necessidade de um novo padrão de produção e consumo. Mas seguem indefinidos tal paradigma e o como alcançá-lo, temas de discórdia inevitável. Ninguém, mesmo entre os anticapitalistas da “Cúpula”, fala em revolução social.

O impasse evidenciado pela Rio+20 põe em cheque concepções voluntaristas. Muitos cobram liderança com “ousadia, coragem de estadistas” aos atuais ocupantes do poder, como forma de resolver a “crise civilizatória” em que se combinam crises variadas como a ambiental, a econômica, a social e ética. Acaso queremos a volta dos déspotas esclarecidos ?

O impeachment do presidente paraguaio, Fernando Lugo, coincidindo com a Rio+20, deixa claro que governantes também têm seus limites. Devem responder aos interesses reais da sociedade nacional e à correlação de forças, que se expressam no poder político e econômico, não nas pesquisas de opinião em que uma maioria diz ter preocupações ambientais.

A ausência de Barack Obama na Rio+20 se atribuiu aos riscos que o mais poderoso homem da Terra enfrenta nas eleições de novembro próximo. Assumir compromissos ambientais ameaçaria sua reeleição.

O descompasso entre a dinâmica política de curto prazo e o longo prazo das questões ambientais seria outro obstáculo ao equacionamento dos desafios. Mas está fora de cogitação alongar os mandatos e exemplos recentes mostram a crescente intolerância com a longevidade no poder.

Uma nova institucionalidade parece indispensável para enfrentar ameaças à humanidade, como as mudanças climáticas, a redução da biodiversidade e da disponibilidade de água potável, a acidificação dos oceanos e a desertificação.

A conferência do Rio debilitou o multilateralismo, acatando a tese americana a favor de iniciativas nacionais, contra acordos globais vinculantes, concluiu a ex ministra Marina Silva. A ONU foi “capturada por interesses corporativos”, segundo muitos outros ativistas.

Nesse quadro, não parece prometedor criar uma nova agencia para temas ambientais na ONU, a exemplo da Organização Mundial de Saúde ou do Comercio, principal proposta para uma governança necessária nessa área.

Também não se avançou na questão do financiamento do desenvolvimento sustentável. A proposta de países emergentes pela criação de um fundo de 30 bilhões de dólares foi vetada, principalmente pelos Estados Unidos.

Mas na reunião das 20 maiores economias, nesta mesma semana no México, se aprovou um aporte de 456 bilhões de dólares para o Fundo Monetário Internacional, dos quais 75 bilhões oferecidos pelos emergentes do BRICS (Brasil, Russia, India, China e África do Sul), numa clara indicação de que a prioridade é “salvar os bancos”, se queixam os ativistas.

Diante dessa complexidade dos problemas globais são inócuas manifestações tautológicas de que precisamos de novos paradigmas de consumo. Há medidas de evidente eficácia, como a eliminação dos subsídios aos combustíveis fósseis, que somavam 409 bilhões de dólares no ano passado, segundo a Agencia Internacional de Energia. A tendência é de subir para 660 bilhões em 2020. Por que não se consegue sequer reduzir esse incentivo à destruição da vida, como se tem conseguido em relação ao tabaco?

Outra ação de resultados significativos, tanto ambientais como sociais e de saúde, é disseminar fogões eficientes a lenha, já desenvolvidos, ou mesmo substituir esse combustível ainda usado por três bilhões de pessoas no mundo.

Falta ao “povo organizado”, na verdade dividido em ONGs, sindicatos, movimentos sociais e entidades variadas com seus objetivos específicos, uma estratégia comum para tornar políticas públicas as experiências eficientes na área socioambiental e influir nas decisões nacionais e mundiais determinantes para o destino da humanidade.

Os caminhos para uma eficácia política, reprovada ou descartada a via partidária, deveriam aparentemente merecer uma maior reflexão por parte dos militantes. (TerraViva)

(FIM/2012)

RÍO DE JANEIRO, 23 jun (TerraViva) La investigación y el desarrollo de sistemas agroforestales son una apuesta a la sostenibilidad de la agricultura en zonas vulnerables, como América Central.

El Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Catie), con sede en Costa Rica, viene investigando desde hace años sobre los cultivos que combinan producción forestal con alimentos, en especial el café y el cacao, dos productos tradicionales de América Central.

La agroforestería ayuda a restaurar las nacientes de agua. Crédito: Cortesía Acicafoc

En 2005 fundó el Centro de Recursos de Información Bibliográfica sobre Cacao, Árboles, Bosques y el Ambiente (Inaforesta), junto con instituciones similares de África y Asia, entre otras.

Inaforesta es un grupo mundial de estudio y mejoramiento de las relaciones entre la gente, el caco, los árboles y el ambiente.

El cacao se cultiva en más de 50 países, cubre más de siete millones de hectáreas y es el sustento de más de cinco millones de familias en las regiones tropicales húmedas del planeta. Pero su plantación asociada a bosques o en zonas deforestadas presenta diversos desafíos ambientales.

De modo similar, la producción de café fue perdiendo técnicas tradicionales que la hacían más sustentable, como la combinación con árboles para aprovechar su sombra.

Los sistemas agroforestales incorporan especies arbóreas a las labores agrícolas y agropecuarias. Su práctica, acompañada de investigación científica, permite encontrar métodos y tecnologías amigables con el ambiente, dijo a TerraViva el director ejecutivo de la Asociación Coordinadora Indígena y Campesina de Agroforestería Comunitaria Centroamericana (Acicafoc), Alberto Chinchilla.

Los árboles permiten recuperar nacientes de agua, protegen con su sombra los cultivos, conservando más la humedad, y mantienen más frescos los predios de pasturas, lo que reduce el estrés de calor del ganado.

Además, así se pueden recuperar especies nativas o en extinción y mejorar la seguridad alimentaria de las comunidades.

Esta agricultura climáticamente inteligente puede reducir la vulnerabilidad de América Central, coincidieron ministros, científicos, técnicos en un encuentro paralelo a la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible (Río+20).

Para el Catie, se trata de crear territorios climáticamente inteligentes.

La entidad plantea que el desarrollo sostenible debe ser un “trabajo colectivo”, afincado en un “territorio, el cual no solo es un espacio geográfico sino también una construcción social reflejada en la cultura, la producción, la gobernanza, es decir, un hilo conductor que caracteriza y diferencia una zona de un país”, según el director general del Catie,  José Joaquín Campos.

El Catie colabora en proyectos con organizaciones de productores, como Acicafoc, con el que está creando un programa de capacitación para reforzar el conocimiento tradicional y el académico en materia de sistemas agroforestales tropicales.

Otro de sus aportes es el software gratuito ShadeMotion http://www.shademotion.com/, que calcula la posición, forma y acumulación de las sombras de árboles en distintos lugares de la Tierra y en distintas fechas y horas.

Esto permite determinar cuántas horas de sombra hay en cada lugar de una parcela por la presencia de árboles y tomar decisiones acerca de qué y cómo plantar.

El programa informático es de uso sencillo para los productores, que solo necesitan incorporar datos de cantidad de árboles, ubicación, forma, tamaño y densidad de follaje;  coordenadas de tiempo en que se requiere la simulación e información geográfica del terreno.

El resultado, en la pantalla de la computadora, es un sombreado en distintas tonalidades de gris, sobre un cuadriculado que representa la parcela. Las tonalidades más oscuras denotan aquellas zonas que acumulan mayor cantidad de horas de sombra.

América Central podría perder hasta 19 por ciento de su producto interno bruto por el cambio climático, según el ministro de la Secretaría de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente de Honduras, Rigoberto Cuéllar.

Los efectos de los cambios del clima son las principales amenazas de la región, formada por siete países con una población de 43 millones de habitantes, casi la mitad de ellos pobres.

La superficie tiene apenas 27,5 por ciento de áreas protegidas. Pero posee una gran biodiversidad, según Cuéllar, que apoya la implementación del sistema agroforestal en su país.

“El cambio climático es uno de los aspectos que limitan el desarrollo sustentable de la región. Estamos apoyando fuertemente la agroforestería y el impulso a las actividades productivas. Hay que definir políticas claras para cruzar acciones coordinadas en los países”, dijo.

El PIB centroamericano crece cinco por ciento al año, pero se estima que la región ha perdido 1,7 puntos del PIB en las últimas dos décadas, debido a los desastres climáticos.

En este contexto, el sistema agroforestal es “la única alternativa que nos queda para adaptar y mitigar los cambios climáticos”, dijo Chinchilla.

La práctica agroforestal avanzó en la última década en la región. Los países centroamericanos pueden convertirse en vanguardia por una serie de proyectos que promueven la agroforestería y la seguridad alimentaria. (FIN/2012)

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 22 (TerraViva) “With volunteers, we will drive sustainable development forward.” These were the words of Helen Clark, administrator of the United Nations Development Programme, at the close of Rio+20 on Jun 22.

UNDP Administrator Helen Clark. UN Photo/Jean-Marc Ferré

Clark was speaking at an event where municipalities, businesses and development banks announced voluntary commitments made in Rio.

While critics accuse the Rio final declaration of being merely empty words, some of the main actors involved in the negotiations organised a press conference on the last day of the summit to showcase “actions for the road ahead” that were agreed upon here.

The actions are to be included in a “registry of commitments” attached to the final Rio declaration, whose implementation the U.N. will follow up on.

According to Sha Zukang, secretary-general of the Rio conference, “from the very beginning, Rio+20 was supposed to be about implementation, about action” and “voluntary commitments are a major part of this conference, complementing the outcomes of the official negotiations.”

He said that 692 registered commitments are included in the final Rio agreement, amounting to 513 billion dollars.

What do these commitments look like? Jose Maria Figueres, a former Costa Rican president and current chair of the non-profit Carbon War Room, explained that his organisation signed a memorandum of understanding with Aruba to help the country take action to phase out fossil fuels by 2020.

Additionally, Figueres’s organisation will work to mobilise one billion dollars to be invested in energy efficiency in buildings. Figueres gave no details on how the money would be raised or spent.

Addressing Zukang and referring to the outcome document of the Rio+20 conference, Figueres said, “Those who have failed you, Mr. Sha, are the governments, not the CEOs (chief executive officers), not the NGOs.”

(During this statement, two activists stepped in front of the panel screaming that the speakers “do not represent them”. They were immediately removed from the room by security forces.)

Another example of a voluntary commitment made in Rio was given by Bindu Lohani, president of the Asian Development Bank, who reminded media that eight development banks have committed to investing 175 billion dollars for sustainable transport in developing countries.

Clearly proud of this amount, Lohani added, “If you want to know more about this commitment, just Google 175 billion, it will show up.”

Other commitments included 45 chief financial officers announcing their companies will adhere to sustainable water management principles, 200 businesses committing to sustainable practices, more than 250 academic institutions from 50 countries announcing they would reshape their curricula to include sustainable development education, and over 200 cities promising to make plans for and invest in climate action.

Possibly in an effort to convince the audience that voluntary commitments do matter, Clark invited a Jamaican volunteer worker to speak about her achievements on the ground in social and environmental improvements.

Clark concluded, “Someone said that without volunteers, the world will stop. Here, with volunteers, we will drive sustainable development forward.”

The voluntary commitments by businesses, municipalities, development banks, governments and international organisations are one of the outcomes of Rio that has been praised by commentators. In the absence of a final document that is strong and detailed, some place hope in individual initiatives.

But considering that negotiators at Rio could not agree on a proposed annual 30-billion-dollar fund for sustainable development, the amount of 513 billion dollars in voluntary commitments appears optimistic, particularly given the lack of details around the various amounts of money put forward.

And the strong praise for voluntary action during this event rang a little hollow considering that none of the speakers made any reference to the Cupula dos Povos, where civil society, the home of volunteering, gathered during Rio+20 to exchange experiences, share practices and also plan for a better world.

RIO DE JANEIRO, 22 junho (TerraViva) – O moçambicano Jeremias Vunjanhe conseguiu, na caótica Cúpula dos Povos, encontrar os ativistas do Movimento Xingu Vivo que denunciavam a criminalização dos seus ativistas pela policia de Altamira, no interior do Pará.

Vunjanhe tornou-se conhecido no encontro da sociedade civil da conferencia Rio+20, ao ser deportado no dia 12 de junho, quando desembarcava no aeroporto internacional de Guarulhos. Barrado pela Policia Federal, teve seu passaporte retido e devolvido “três horas depois já dentro do avião” de regresso a Moçambique, contou a TerraViva.

Manifestação contra a construção de Belo Monte.

O carimbo no seu passaporte diz que foi “Impedido” de entrar no país porque “consta no SINPI”, siglas de Sistema Nacional de Procurados e Impedidos, apesar de ter um visto de entrada concedido pelo consulado brasileiro em Maputo.

A solidariedade de 80 organizações e negociações com a chancelaria brasileira permitiram que viesse ao Brasil com novo visto. Recebido com festas no Aeroporto do Galeão dia 18, participou dos últimos quatro dias da Cúpula dos Povos, onde trouxe denuncias sobre violências da brasileira Vale contra os desalojados por suas atividades mineiras em Moçambique.

Membro da ONG Justiça Ambiental, denunciou também a ameaça que representa a hidrelétrica de Mphanda Nkuwa, que a Camargo Correia, uma das grandes empreiteiras brasileiras, construirá no Rio Zambeze, em sociedade com duas empresas locais, com investimentos previstos de 2,4 bilhões de dólares.

Daí seu interesse em estabelecer uma troca de informações e experiências com o Xingu Vivo, também procurado por Güven Eken, diretor-executivo da ONG Doga Denergi, da Turquia.

Represas atingem povos em todo o mundo, “a solução tem que ser global”, disse Eken, pregando “união para defender os rios”. Enquanto Belo Monte ameaça a Amazônia, a hidrelétrica Ilisu, no Rio Tigre, ameaça a Mesopotâmia, berço da civilização, salientou.

O encontro foi convocado pelo Movimento Xingu Vivo para Sempre (MXVPS) para informar sobre os interrogatórios a que a Delegacia de Altamira está submetendo participantes da manifestação do dia 16, no âmbito do Xingu+23, uma serie de atos de protesto contra Belo Monte na própria região, durante a semana passada.

No dia 16 manifestantes cavaram uma vala numa das ensacadeiras, para deixar escorrer a água, num gesto simbólico em favor do livre fluxo do Rio Xingu. Após o ato, alguns índios invadiram escritórios da Norte Energia, consórcio que constrói a usina, danificando equipamentos e instalações.

Estão tentando criminalizar a resistência ao “monstro Belo Monte”, quando os culpados pela violência são o próprio Governo Federal, o Poder Judiciário e o consórcio construtor, que violam a legislação, impondo uma licença de implantação da hidrelétrica, sem que as condicionantes estabelecidas com base nos estudos de impacto ambiental tenham sido cumpridas, protestou Antonia Melo, líder do Movimento.

Só os atingidos são criminalizados, enquanto se privatiza um bem público como o rio, a Norte Energia, “maior latifundiária da região”, tem propriedades legalizadas em três municípios e os pequenos agricultores nunca recebem seus títulos de propriedade, são desalojados sem indenização, enfatizou Ana Laíde Barbosa, do Conselho Indigenista Missionário de Altamira.

O governo e as empresas implantaram um clima de “terror jurídico” na região para “imobilizar a luta” conta Belo Monte e “calar ativistas”, opinou o advogado Sergio Martins, da Sociedade Paraense de Defesa dos Direitos Humanos, que presta assistência aos ativistas.

A repercussão dos fatos envolvendo Belo Monte, com personalidades conhecidas em todo o mundo aderindo ao movimento contra a hidrelétrica, tornou esse empreendimento uma referencia internacional dos atingidos por barragens. (TerraViva)

(FIM/2012)

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 22 (TerraViva) – The countries of the Amazon river basin are pursuing definite goals for the region, such as zero deforestation by 2020, even though the Rio+20 conference’s outcome document does not include “sustainable development goals”.

The vast Amazon region needs sustainable development.

For the last three days, concluding this Friday Jun. 22, Rio de Janeiro has been hosting the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, or Rio+20. The final declaration prepared for signing by the participating heads of state has already been described as “weak” and “disappointing” by the U.N., official delegates and civil society representatives.

Claudio Maretti, the coordinator of the WWF Living Amazon Initiative, told IPS the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organisation (ACTO) has the challenging task of agreeing common goals to replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which expire in 2015.

The MDGs are a set of global anti-poverty and development targets agreed in 2000 by the United Nations member states that include halving the proportion of people living in extreme poverty by 2015, from 1990 levels.

The eight Amazon countries – Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela – are worried that without measurable new targets the region may be overtaken by ecological disaster, which would reverberate around the planet.

“The primary need in the Amazon is the sustainable use of its resources, in order to avoid a collapse. It is possible to achieve zero deforestation by 2020, and maintain the region as a provider of services for humanity. There is still time,” said Maretti.

Twenty years ago, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Amazon countries spoke with a united voice at the inter-government meeting as well as at the parallel forum of social organisations.

One result of their combined effort was the presentation of a document titled “La Amazonia en pie” (roughly, Keep the Amazon Forest Standing), which analysed the reality of the megadiverse Amazon region, debunking many myths. The summary was written by Colombian Nobel Literature Prize-winner Gabriel García Márquez.

Two decades later, the WWF predicts that if current trends of deforestation and forest fires continue, the Amazon region will lose one-third of its vegetation by 2030.

Rainforest destruction may be exacerbated in the next 50 years, in which case the planet’s largest biome will shrink to less than 10 percent of its original forest cover by 2080, according to forecasts by the Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO).

The Amazon jungle is the world’s largest tropical forest, covering six percent of the earth’s land surface and 40 percent of that of Latin America and the Caribbean.

This immense region is home to 38.7 million people, including 40 indigenous peoples who speak nearly 90 different languages.

The Colombian deputy minister for Environment and Sustainable Development, Adriana Soto, said that when the Rio+20 conference is over, the joint work of the Amazon countries will continue in earnest.

“We work with the Amazon countries in the framework of ACTO, learning from the experiences of each country and their ways of managing pressures from the expanding agricultural frontier and from illegal mining, one of the greatest threats we have in Colombia,” Soto told IPS.

According to Soto, the main causes of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon region are forest fires, illegal tree felling, cattle ranching and illegal mining, which is “as complex” as the illicit drug trade that goes on in the region. “In the case of Colombia, a large proportion of illegal mining revenues goes to financing illegal groups,” she said.

“We have a declaration (on sustainability) from the Amazonian peoples, and we are organising management models to make sustainable use of forest products, so that forest dwellers can meet their needs without deforestation,” Soto said.

Consolidación Amazónica (COAMA), an NGO that has been working for indigenous people’s land rights in Colombia for the past 20 years, along with other civil society organisations, is supporting sustainable development goals for the rainforest.

But COAMA representatives stress that the goals must take into account the specific cultures, and respect the traditional knowledge, of the Amazon forest peoples.

Anthropologist Martin von Hildebrand of the Gaia Amazonas Foundation, an organisation that is part of COAMA, emphasised the importance of reaching a consensus on sustainable goals with the indigenous peoples living in the Amazon regions of the eight countries.

“We support the fight against hunger and the struggle for gender equality and access to education and healthcare, but the goals must be set in consultation with the indigenous people,” he said.

RíO DE JANEIRO, 22 jun (TerraViva)  La cumbre Río+20 terminó este viernes 22 con ganadores y perdedores, pero principalmente con perdedores.

“La omisión de los derechos reproductivos es un paso atrás en relación a acuerdos previos”, dijo Gro Harlem Brundtland. Crédito: UN Photo/Mark Garten.

La Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) y Brasil, el país anfitrión, junto con las grandes empresas, dieron un giro positivo al resultado de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible, más conocida como Río+20, por haberse realizado dos décadas después de la Cumbre de la Tierra.

Su resultado fue otro documento histórico que cambiará el mundo, según ellos.

Pero la mayoría de los representantes de la sociedad civil y feministas expresaron su desilusión e indignación por el texto final, titulado “El futuro que queremos”, que fue aprobado este viernes 22 por los líderes mundiales.

La comparación con la Agenda 21, aprobada en 1992, fue inevitable.

Anita Nayar, de la organización Alternativas de Desarrollo con Mujeres para una Nueva Era (DAWN, por sus siglas en inglés), con sede en Manila, dijo a IPS que en el acuerdo histórico adoptado en 1992 hubo unas 170 referencias a las cuestiones de género y un capítulo entero sobre las mujeres.

En la última versión de “El futuro que queremos” hay apenas unas 50, y estas han sido atenuadas y usadas como elementos de negociación por parte de los estados, declaró Nayar.

“Tampoco es un simple asunto de menciones a temas de género, sino más bien que algunos estados exhiben claramente una falta de voluntad a acordar acciones concretas y un debilitamiento general de compromisos internacionalmente acordados sobre la igualdad de género y el empoderamiento de las mujeres”, agregó.

Según ella, mientras en general los derechos humanos son afirmados en el contexto de la salud sexual y reproductiva, la omisión específica de los derechos reproductivos es flagrante.

Igualmente crítica fue Gro Harlem Brundtland, ex primera ministra de Noruega y presidenta de la comisión que lleva su nombre y que hace 25 años centró la atención mundial en el concepto de desarrollo sostenible.

“La declaración de Río+20 no hace lo suficiente para ubicar a la humanidad en un sendero sostenible, décadas después de haberse acordado que esto es esencial, tanto para las personas como para el planeta. Yo entiendo la frustración que hay en Río hoy”, señaló en un comunicado divulgado el jueves 21.

Brundtland, quien integra un grupo llamado The Elders (Los Ancianos), dijo: “Ya no podemos presumir que nuestras acciones colectivas no generarán puntos de inflexión, dado que los umbrales ambientales se han violado, corriendo el riesgo de daños irreversibles tanto para los ecosistemas como para las comunidades humanas. Estos son hechos, pero se han perdido en el documento final”.

“También es lamentable la omisión de los derechos reproductivos, que es un paso atrás en relación a acuerdos previos. Sin embargo, con este texto imperfecto, tenemos que avanzar. No hay alternativa”, añadió.

Las reacciones de organizaciones de la sociedad civil fueron mayoritariamente negativas.

Anil Naidoo, del Consejo de Canadienses -la mayor organización de ciudadanos de Canadá- arremetió contra el concepto de economía verde promovido en Río+20.

“No había visto tanta falsa cobertura verde desde el último Día de San Patricio. El documento ni se acerca al futuro que realmente queremos, y eso es porque fue escrito teniendo en mente los intereses de unos pocos en vez de los de muchos”, sostuvo.

Noelene Nabulivou, de Fiji Women’s Action for Change (Acción de las mujeres de Fiyi por el cambio), dijo a IPS: “Como activista del Pacífico veo claramente los impactos catastróficos del cambio climático, la pérdida de biodiversidad y el aumento del nivel del mar. Río+20 no le hace justicia a la inmediatez y severidad de este problema mundial”.

La uruguaya Nicole Bidegain, de la Oficina de Género y Educación del Consejo Internacional para la Educación de Personas Adultas (ICAE), dijo: “La economía verde simplemente refuerza el actual modelo de desarrollo, basado en la producción y el consumo excesivos. Se promueven los mismos mecanismos financieros que causaron múltiples crisis desde 2008”, sin tener en cuenta los impactos negativos sobre los derechos y el sustento de las mujeres.

Según Bidegain, el sector privado es priorizado sobre el público como fuente de financiamiento. “Esto es irónico, ya que el sector privado está involucrado en la maximización de las ganancias a corto plazo, no en las inversiones a largo plazo necesarias para la transición hacia un desarrollo sostenible genuino, centrado en las personas”, señaló.

Monica Novillo, de la boliviana Coordinadora de la Mujer, expresó: “Vine a Río+20 con altas expectativas de que los gobiernos agregaran la histórica resolución sobre salud y derechos sexuales y reproductivos para jóvenes y adolescentes, adoptada en la 45 Comisión de Población y Desarrollo”.

Brasil desempeñó un rol clave en la creación de este resultado, “así que yo esperaba que defendiera fuertemente estos derechos fundamentales en Río+20, contra una minoría de gobiernos conservadores”, dijo.

Aunque en Río+20 se reafirmaron las agendas de El Cairo y Beijing sobre población y mujeres, es tiempo de que estos acuerdos se implementen plenamente, agregó.

Gita Sen, de DAWN, lamentó que la cumbre prácticamente haya enterrado los derechos reproductivos.

“En este documento queda muy claro que hay una continua guerra contra los derechos humanos de las mujeres, lanzada por la Santa Sede (el Vaticano) junto con algunos gobiernos muy conservadores”, dijo a IPS.

(FIN)

RIO DE JANEIRO, 21 de junho (TerraViva) Chewang Norphel é um herói improvável. Ele é um homem modesto, pequeno, quieto e pensativo, que não checa sua imagem cada vez que passa por um espelho. Há alguns anos, seus vizinhos até pensaram que ele era louco.

Agora, Norphel, um engenheiro civil  indiano que trabalha para o departamento de Desenvolvimento Rural (DRD) de Jammu Kashmir, em Ladakh, no Himalaia, é cumprimentado pelas mesmas pessoas que não o consideravam como um benfeitor. Durante a sua longa carreira no DRD, Norphel veio a perceber que a água que flui a partir das geleiras do Himalaia para baixo das montanhas estava mudando seus padrões, tornando-se erráticos. Em uma região onde quase nunca chove, e onde a população depende 100% da água das geleiras para irrigar as plantações de trigo e legumes, estes novos padrões irregulares de fluxo eram dramáticos.

O lago glacial Tso Rolpa, na região central do Nepal, tem crescido devido ao rápido derretimento da neve com o aquecimento global. Foto: Kishor Rimal/IPS

No final da década de 1980, Norphel projetou geleiras artificiais nos lados das montanhas perto de Ladakh, que seriam expostas à luz solar direta. Tanques colocados ao lado dos leitos dos rios, ligados a eles por canais, serviriam como reservatórios de água doce durante a primavera e o verão, e em seguida, congelariam durante o inverno, para serem liberados novamente quando necessário. A princípio, os vizinhos pensaram que os engenheiros haviam enlouquecido.

No entanto, quando a primavera e o verão chegaram e os reservatórios derretidos  forneceram um fluxo constante de água para a agricultura, a genialidade de Norphel foi finalmente reconhecida. Agora ele é conhecido como “o homem do gelo”, e saudado com gratidão pelos agricultores locais. A história de Norphel é um dos exemplos mais vívidos de como as pessoas estão lidando com as mudanças climáticas no Himalaia, e ao mesmo tempo, tornando possível o desenvolvimento sustentável.

A história é contada no documentário Revealed: Himalayan Meltdown, que foi apresentado no dia 20, no Rio de Janeiro, como um evento paralelo à Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável, a Rio+20. “Estou feliz que minha ideia foi aceita pelas pessoas, e está servindo para ajudá-los agora”, Norphel afirma no filme. A mudança climática e o aquecimento global causados pelo homem estão colocando em risco as vidas de milhões de pessoas no Paquistão, Índia, Butão, Nepal, Bangladesh e China – pessoas que não emitem quase nenhum gás de efeito estufa, e não pode pagar por soluções caras.

Os impactos do derretimento do Himalaia são múltiplos. Embora os campos de trigo de Ladakh sofram com os fluxos erráticos de água glacial na primavera e verão, outras regiões são confrontadas com a possibilidade de que o derretimento provoque uma enchente devastadora. Este é o caso de um novo lago chamado Thortormi no reino do Butão, na encosta sul da Montanha Table, perto da fronteira com o Tibete. Ele é formado a partir de água que flui para baixo a partir do derretimento da geleira Thortormi, que até alguns meses atrás foi mantida no lugar apenas por uma represa de moraina, um material constituído por restos de rochas e lama.

As populações locais temem que o lago recém-nascido extravase seus limites, destruindo a moraina, e provocando o que os cientistas chamam de enchentes por explosão de lago glacial, ou GLOF na sigla em inglês, que são tsunamis mortíferos que fluem montanha abaixo. Um tsunami desse tipo já aconteceu em 1994, matando pelo menos 21 pessoas e destruindo plantações e aldeias. Com o apoio técnico e financeiro de organizações internacionais como a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança Climática (UNFCCC), o Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente (Pnuma) e o Fundo Global para o Meio Ambiente (GEF), entre outros, as populações locais transformaram a moraina em uma barragem adequada.

Para fazer isso, cerca de 350 moradores locais, incluindo mulheres e adolescentes, trabalharam em condições extremamente difíceis para transportar ferramentas, pedras e outros materiais de construção até a montanha, cinco mil metros acima. O documentário mostra o grupo de trabalho até os joelhos em água glacial, carregando pedras e lama para refazer a represa. O lago Thortormi é um dos 24 lagos glaciais butaneses considerados instáveis. O país tem 2.674 desses lagos glaciais. No filme, Pradeep Mool, um engenheiro do Centro Internacional para Desenvolvimento Integrado das Montanhas (ICIMOD), sediado em Katmandu, Nepal, disse que, “graças a imagens de satélite, é possível identificar as geleiras mais perigosas. Contudo, é impossível dizer quando ou onde uma catástrofe vai acontecer”. Envolverde/IPS

(FIM/2012)

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 22 (TerraViva) Last year was a particularly bad one for Asian countries facing nature’s wrath.

A bus navigates rushing floodwaters in Batticaloa, a town in eastern Sri Lanka, during the January 2011 floods. Credit: Courtesy of Sarvodaya

Of the 14.9 million people who were displaced by natural disasters in 2011, 89 percent lived in Asia, according to a new report released here by the International Displacement Monitoring Centre and the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC).

The report, titled “Global Estimates 2011, Peoples Displaced by Natural Disasters”, said that the bulk of the displacements were the results of floods or storms. But even in previous years, Asia has claimed the number one spot in terms of the number of people forced to flee their homes due to natural disasters.

China and Thailand had the largest number of people displaced by extreme weather events, primarily due to recurring disasters. Over 4.5 million were displaced in China alone.

However, Sri Lanka, with an overall population of just over 20 million, saw the largest per capita displacements, with floods between January and February displacing three percent of the entire population, or 685,000 persons.

Most of those displacements occurred in the eastern and northeastern regions of the island, which are also some of the poorest areas.

Ponnanbalam Thanesveran, the top government official for the remote village of Verugal in eastern Trincomalee District, experienced firsthand the details of the disaster.

Between January and February of 2011, the eastern region of Sri Lanka received a year’s worth of rain in one month. Thanesveran’s office was cut off for over two weeks, during which time he used a boat to get to his office and get around his small constituency.

“I might be the first Sri Lankan government official who carried out his duties from a boat, wearing a life jacket and shorts,” he told TerraViva.

The floods destroyed the entire rice harvest in Verugal. According to figures released later by the government, around 20 percent of the overall harvest was wiped out.

The report had more bad news. It said that changing climate patterns that have altered rainfall patterns combined with growing populations were likely to increase the vulnerabilities of Asian populations living at risk of natural disasters.

In Sri Lanka, weather experts warn that while the number of days of precipitation has gone down, the shorter rains have increased in intensity, leading to frequent flash floods.

“The (other) problem is that most of the people who get affected in areas like Verugal are the poorest. One blow like last year’s floods and it will take years for some of them to recover,” Thanesveran said.

At the release of the report, officials said that the inability of poor villagers and farmers to cope with such disasters needs to be taken into consideration at negotiations like those which just concluded in Rio.

“The international community must ensure that vulnerable communities are prepared to respond and able to find sustainable solutions as they recover from such life-changing events,” NRC’s Secretary General Elisabeth Rasmusson said.

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 22 (TerraViva) When the Rio+20 summit on sustainable development ended Friday, there were winners and losers – mostly losers.

The omission of reproductive rights is a step backwards from previous agreements, said Gro Harlem Brundtland. UN Photo/Mark Garten

The United Nations and the host country Brazil – along with big business – put a positive spin on the outcome of the conference, a follow-up to the 1992 Earth Summit.

It was another historic document that will change the world, they claimed.

But most non-governmental organisations (NGOs), civil society representatives and women activists expressed disappointment and outrage over the final blueprint, titled “The Future We Want”, which was approved by world leaders Friday.

The comparison with the 1992 Agenda 21 was inevitable.

Anita Nayar of the Manila-based Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN) told IPS that in the historic agreement adopted in 1992, there were around 170 references to gender and an entire chapter on women.

In the latest version of “The Future We Want”, there are only around 50, and these have been watered down and were used as negotiating chips by states, she said.

“It is not a simple matter of gender mentions either, but rather there is clearly an unwillingness by some states to agree on concrete actions and an overall weakening of internationally agreed commitments on gender equality and women’s empowerment,” Nayar added.

She said while human rights is generally affirmed in the context of sexual and reproductive health, the specific omission of reproductive rights is glaring.

Equally critical was Gro Harlem Brundtland, a former prime minister of Norway and chair of the Brundtland Commission (named after her) which brought the concept of sustainable development to global attention 25 years ago.

“The Rio+20 declaration does not do enough to set humanity on a sustainable path, decades after it was agreed that this is essential for both people and the planet. I understand the frustration in Rio today,” she said in a statement released Thursday.

Brundtland, who is a member of a group called The Elders, said, “We can no longer assume that our collective actions will not trigger tipping points, as environmental thresholds are breached, risking irreversible damage to both ecosystems and human communities. These are the facts – but they have been lost in the final document.

“Also regrettable is the omission of reproductive rights – which is a step backwards from previous agreements. However – with this imperfect text, we have to move forward. There is no alternative,” she said.

The reactions from groups at the grassroots level were mostly negative.

“I haven’t seen this much fake green covering since last St Patrick’s day. The document does not come close to the future we really want and that’s because it was written with the interests of the few rather than the many in mind,”  said Nathan Thanki of Earth, one of the protesting youth leaders who occupied the plenary entrance at the Rio+20 site on Thursday.

Noelene Nabulivou, Women’s Action for Change, Fiji, told IPS, “As an activist from Pacific I see clearly the catastrophic impacts of climate change, biodiversity loss and sea level rise. Rio+20 does not do justice to the immediacy and severity of this global problem.”

Nicole Bidegain of GEO-ICAE, Uruguay said, “The green economy simply reinforces the current model of development, based on overconsumption and production. The same financial mechanisms that caused multiple crises since 2008 are being promoted, but this time to commodify nature. There is enough evidence on the negative impacts of the financialisation of nature on women’s rights and livelihoods. “

She said the private sector as a source of finance is prioritised over public financing. “This is ironic as the private sector is concerned with maximising profit in the short term, not with long-term investments needed to transition to genuine people-centred sustainable development.”

Monica Novillo, Coordinadora de la Mujer, Bolivia, said, “I came to Rio+20 with high expectations that governments would build on the landmark resolution on sexual and reproductive health and rights for youth and adolescents adopted at the 45th Commission on Population Development.”

She said Brazil played a key role in creating this outcome, “so I expected that they would strongly defend these fundamental rights at Rio+20 against a minority of conservative governments.”

While the Cairo and Beijing agendas (on population and women) were reaffirmed at Rio+20, it is high time that these agreements are fully implemented, she added.

DAWN’s Gita Sen regretted that Rio+20 had virtually buried reproductive rights.

She told IPS, “Reproductive rights has been traded away. It is very clear in this outcome document that there is a continuing war on women’s human rights launched by the Holy See (Vatican) along with some very conservative governments.”

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 22 (TerraViva) I disagree with the branding of Rio+20 as an abject “failure”. As a returnee from the 1992 Earth Summit, I have mixed views about the conference, some positive.

Don de Silva

Even former political leaders have joined the chorus of disappointment.

Gro Harlem Brundtland, former prime minister of Norway, has said, “The Rio+20 declaration does not do enough to set humanity on a sustainable path, decades after it was agreed that this is essential for both people and the planet. I understand the frustration in Rio today.”

Mary Robinson, former president of Ireland has said: “This is a ‘once in a generation’ moment when the world needs vision, commitment and above all, leadership. Sadly, the current document is a failure of leadership.”

Both world renowned and distinguished leaders raise important points. But blame and finger-pointing comes easy.

Are the civil society movements so blasé as to expect governments, many with scant respect for human rights or the environment, to suddenly come up with radical agreements and then cough up the billions to implement action?

Did they not look into what happened immediately after the creation of the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1972? Or the follow-up to the 1992 Rio summit?

According to British government records unearthed by the New Scientist, the ambitious aims of UNEP were held in cheque by the activities of the Brussels group, which included Britain, the U.S., Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and France, while they piously preached about the environment.

The group was “an unofficial policy-making body to concert the views of the principal governments concerned”, according to a note of one of the group’s first meetings, held in 1971, written by a civil servant in the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

Instead of making generalised statements damning all countries, is it not possible for the members of the civil society groups and concerned leaders to name and shame those who have watered down texts, and strengthen the hand of negotiators who wanted to effect change?

At a fringe meeting, Gro Harlem Brundtland lamented the omission of women’s reproductive rights in the final document. It is surprising that the full force of the civil society movement was not mobilised to stop this from happening.

Holier-than-thou non-governmental organisations need to turn the searchlight inwards to see if they are really the paragons of virtue they claim to be. Getting two environmental NGOs to work together at times is a daunting task. Some are neither civil nor societies, and can be “some peoples’” movements.

At Rio+20, businesses came of age. An “extraordinary” group of leaders, calling themselves “Friends of Rio”, from across business, NGOs, trade unions and scientific institutions have banded together to find a new path towards sustainable development.

Their message is pretty clear: we cannot leave the future of the planet only to politicians.

Failure of leadership? The 2010 United Nations Conference on Climate Change (COP16), which took place in Copenhagen, was a political disaster. By contrast, Rio+20 has produced an agreement, a combined effort of the passionate and plain-speaking Sha Zukang, secretary general of Rio+20, and the Brazilian government.

Rio+20 has witnessed the emergence of a new leadership from countries like Brazil and China. Yes, polluters must pay for past and present inequities. But developing countries will have to wait forever if they think that the debt-ridden, austerity-laden Western nations will put up the money.

To argue about a lack of funds is laughable. In 2011, global military spending amounted to 1.74 trillion dollars. Disarmament is a necessary condition for sustainable development. This spending is not mentioned in the final text.

Some 50,000 protesters in Rio claimed that the green economy is a wolf in sheep’s clothing. This need not be the case. The shift to a green economy can be used to bring paradigm shifts in thinking and living, beyond anything that we have witnessed so far.

A relentless and sustained united action by thousands of environmental NGOs throughout the world – a green Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter – will and can move mountains.

Don de Silva is a journalist and environmentalist. He is co-ordinator of UNEP’s Regional Information Programmes and has worked with several NGOs to initiate and manage advocacy programmes for sustainable development. He can be contacted at dondes@changeways.net

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 22 (TerraViva) A new study by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) presented at Rio+20 shows that overconsumption of food and the obesity it causes, especially in the industrialised countries, threaten not only individual health but the very sustainability of our planet.

The U.S. alone accounts for almost a third of the world’s weight due to obesity. Credit: Don Hankins/CC By 2.0

The study, titled “The weight of nations: an estimation of adult human biomass”, confirms that the population of the United States is the most overweight on Earth.

If the global population had the same age-sex biomass index (BMI) as the U.S., total world biomass would increase by 58 million tonnes – equivalent to an additional 935 million people.

This increase in biomass would lead to higher energy requirements, by 261 kilocalories per day per adult, equivalent to the energy requirements of 473 million adults. Following those extrapolations, the researchers estimate that the global biomass due to obesity would increase by 434 percent.

The study, which calculated the food energy required to sustain human biomass using formulae and other data by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organisation, warns that the energy required to sustain the biomass due to obesity exacerbates the ecological implications of a steadily rising population.

Ian Roberts, professor of epidemiology and public health at the LSHTM and author of the study, warned that obesity is as much a threat to the environment as overpopulation.

“People tend to think the main threat to the environment is the growing population in developing countries,” Roberts said. “But this measure of biomass is more relevant.

“In considering how many people the world can support, the question is not how many mouths we have to feed, but how much flesh we have to feed,” he added.

The study recalls that the energy requirement of species at each trophic level in an ecological pyramid is a function of the number of organisms and their average mass. In ecology, these factors are often considered together by estimating species biomass, the total mass of living organisms in an ecosystem.

The study estimates the average biomass globally at 62 kilogrammes. North Americans – Canadians and U.S. citizens – weigh an average of 80.7 kg. Europeans weigh an average of 70.1 kg. The study notes that despite only making up five percent of the world’s population, the U.S. accounts for almost a third of the world’s weight due to obesity.

In contrast, Asia has 61 percent of the world’s population but only 13 percent of the world’s weight due to obesity.

“Increasing biomass will have important implications for global resource requirements, including food demand, and the overall ecological footprint of our species,” Roberts warned.

The study’s scenarios suggest that global trends of increasing biomass will have important resource implications and that unchecked, increasing BMI could have the same implications for world energy requirements equivalent to 473 million people.

This increased global demand for food arising from the increase in biomass is likely to contribute to higher food prices. Given the greater purchasing power of industrialised countries, which also have higher average biomass, the worst effects of increasing food prices will most likely be experienced by the world’s poor.

The paper regrets that the concept of biomass is rarely applied to the human species, although “the ecological implications of increasing biomass are significant and ought to be taken into account when
evaluating future trends and planning for future resource challenges.”

As Roberts put it, “Tackling population fatness may be critical to world food security and ecological sustainability.”

The scientist said that people today do not necessarily eat more than 50 years ago. The main problem, he said, is that “we do not move our bodies so much but we are biologically programmed to eat.” To offset this tendency to immobility, he suggested that urban planners conceive cities were it is easier to walk and cycle.

“Everyone accepts that population growth threatens global environmental sustainability – our study shows that population fatness is also a major threat,” Roberts pointed out. “Unless we tackle both population and fatness, our chances are slim.”

YEOSU, South Korea, Jun. 21 (TerraViva) Oceans, seas and coasts provide over 200 million jobs globally, while 4.3 billion people get 15 percent of their intake of animal protein from the seas. Travel and tourism, ports and energy production use oceans and seas to create jobs and economic and social benefits for millions of people.

Wendy Watson-Wright, executive secretary of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Credit: Manipadma Jena/IPS

Over the last century a multitude of threats has eroded the ocean’s ability to sustain the benefits it can provide for present and future generations.  Poorly managed human activities have also eroded oceans’ resilience, particularly to climate change.

Sustainable management of marine ecosystems has not been accorded the priority it urgently deserves. At the Earth Summit currently underway in Rio de Janeiro, however, many hope these issues take centre-stage.

On the sidelines of Expo 2012, Yeosu, South Korea, whose theme this year is ‘The Living Ocean and Coast’, IPS correspondent Manipadma Jena asked Wendy Watson-Wright, executive secretary of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), what steps need to be taken to manage the challenges facing oceans and how much of this to expect at Rio+20.

Excerpts of the interview follow.

Q: What is IOC’s view on the present state of ocean acidification and what are the mechanisms for controlling it?

A: Ocean acidification is definitely one of the most important issues facing the planet today. The oceans are now 30 percent more acidic than before the industrial revolution and as one of my colleagues says, ‘Oceans are already hot, sour and breathless’ – meaning, currently with climate change and absorption of carbon dioxide, the oceans are becoming warmer, more acidic and more hypoxic – with more dead zones in them now.

If we continue with business-as-usual oceans will be 150 percent more acidic by the year 2100. Already we are seeing the impact on marine organisms, their reproductive functions and mortality, which is most evident in the coral reefs.

While we need to stop emitting as much as we are currently, we also need to know more about acidification’s impact on sea organisms. We need more observation. We do have a global ocean observation system, but there is no observation network for ocean acidification which needs to be incorporated.

Q: We need more science, we need more research – how plentiful is funding for such activities?

A: Funding is forthcoming in those countries dependent upon the ocean, like the Small Island Countries – they do not have a lot of money, but are concerned and acting already. So are Monaco, Australia, Canada, the U.S. and Korea.

By hosting Expo 2012 (with the theme) ‘The Living Ocean and Coast’, (South) Korea is successfully directing world attention to the oceans.

As land creatures we tend to think primarily in terms of land; oceans remain out of sight, out of mind. In most national capital cities where decisions are made, oceans do not figure in day-to-day activities so funding is that much (harder) to come by.

Q:  What is UNESCO doing about increasing awareness levels on oceans at the policy-making level and particularly at Rio+20?

[related_articles]A:  At Rio+20 we are trying to heighten awareness that if we do not have sustainable development of the oceans we cannot have sustainable development of the planet. The only reason we are here on the planet is because of the ocean.

I think that (our) planet is misnamed: it should be called planet Ocean and not planet Earth.

Ahead of Rio +20, IOC – the ocean knowledge, data exchange and ocean services arm of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) – led an inter-agency paper, ‘Blueprint for Ocean and Coastal Sustainability’, translated into five languages including Korean. IOC has also been hosting side events, including talks in the European Parliament on oceans in the Rio context.

Q: Where do you see the Yeosu Declaration in the context of Rio+20?

A: The Yeosu Declaration will be adopted on Aug. 12, 2012, after Rio+20 and it is probably good timing. I am hopeful that Rio will come up with something very strong on oceans and then countries sign the Yeosu Declaration saying we must look after oceans if we are to look after humanity – it will bring more attention to the crisis currently facing (the world’s) oceans.

Q: In the midst of the debate on oceans, are we adequately addressing the issue of fisher communities?

A: In our work at UNESCO-IOC we try to involve the local people, particularly in capacity building on coastal issues, for example in the tsunami warning system.  We are also giving importance to getting the oceans into the school education system; we teach the children and they teach the rest when they grow up. But I think all of us could do much better.

Q: Where do we stand on the Blue Carbon issue?

A: We are at the very beginning. Outside the scientific community few know that coastal ecosystems like mangroves and sea grass are much more efficient at sequestering carbon; this knowledge needs to be brought in to the ocean science community, to policy makers and most importantly, to communities who look after these ecosystems. Blue carbon holds a lot of promise.

Q: What, currently, is your most passionate project within IOC?

A: Right now, working towards creating awareness at Rio+20 about the fact that the global oceans observation system is critical. In order to make good science, so necessary for good policy, we need good observation. This, and ocean acidification, marine litter – including the major concern on micro-plastic litter in the marine environment – are my other interest areas.

Q: Will Rio+20 reach a sufficient conclusion on the issue of oceans?

A: I am very hopeful; and there is a lot going on. The World Bank launched its very inclusive global partnership for oceans. The U.N. Secretary General will announce at Rio+20 the Oceans Compact (a strategic vision for stakeholders, including the U.N., to collaborate and accelerate progress towards the goal of Healthy Oceans for Prosperity).

The focus of Rio+20 is civil society. The Brazilian government has launched a wide-reaching web-based dialogue on all thematic including oceans. I am very interested to see the outcome of these (efforts).

(END)

RIO DE JANEIRO, 21 Junho (TerraViva) – O êxodo de populações da Somália para o Quênia ou Etiópia de finais de 2010 e ao longo de 2011 aponta para a discussão de uma nova preocupação mundial: os refugiados climáticos que se veem obrigados a deslocar-se para países vizinhos após serem atingidos por extremos do clima.

Este deslocamento em massa em alguns países africanos, em especial do leste do continente, é ocasionado por longos períodos de seca somado aos conflitos armados que existem na região.

Crianças refugiadas no leste da África. Crédito: Acnur

Este tema tem sido motivo de preocupação para o escritório do Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para Refugiados (ACNUR), que aproveitou a Conferência Rio+20 para lançar, nesta quinta-feira, dia 21 de junho, o relatório “Mudanças climáticas, vulnerabilidade e mobilidade humana”.

O estudo se baseia no relato de 150 refugiados do Leste da África e avalia as tendências globais para o deslocamento forçado e suas relações com mudanças climáticas e desastres naturais.

O relatório foi realizado pelo ACNUR em parceria com o Instituto para Meio Ambiente e Segurança Humana da Universidade das Nações Unidas com o apoio da London School of Economics e a Universidade de Bonn, na Alemanha.

Segundo o reitor da Universidade da ONU, Konrad Osterwalder, “o relatório dá destaque à importância para a necessidade de compreender as experiências reais de pessoas vulneráveis que sofrem com os estresses ambientais”.

O alto comissário para Refugiados, Antonio Guterres, reconheceu que o relatório vem a confirmar relatos de refugiados que sofrem com extremos climáticos há alguns anos.

“Os refugiados fazem de tudo para continuar vivendo em suas casas e em suas terras, mas quando as suas colheitas já não rendem, seus estoques de alimentos e cultivos já não garantem a subsistência, eles não tem outra alternativa que não se mudar”, afirmou Guterres.

Desde os anos 1950 que chove cada vez menos no leste da África. Crédito: Acnur

“Estou convencido que as mudanças no clima irão piorar ainda mais as crises de deslocamentos no mundo. É muito importante que o mundo ajude a reagir e a dar respostas a estes desafios”, anunciou em Guterres.

De acordo com o porta-voz do ACNUR no Brasil, Luiz Fernando Godinho, ainda não há uma definição técnica sobre o termo ‘refugiado climático’, mas admite que, de fato, cada vez mais pessoas se deslocam no mundo em decorrência de fenômenos associados ao clima. E à medida que avançam os impactos ambientais, o número de deslocados só tende a piorar.

“O ACNUR fez um apelo na Rio+20 para que estejamos atentos para a existência de refugiados que se deslocam por força de mudanças extremas do clima. Não há por parte da comunidade internacional um conjunto de medidas e convenções para dar garantias a essas pessoas que se movem por desastres naturais”, disse Godinho à IPS.

Existem no mundo 15 milhões de refugiados, dos quais 10 milhões estão sob o mandato das Nações Unidas. No entanto, não é possível saber quantos destes foram deslocados por força de catástrofes naturais.

Apenas a Somália, o terceiro maior país em número de refugiados tem hoje 1.1 milhão de refugiados, três vezes mais que em 2004. O país sofre com conflitos armados, mas também com crises associadas à seca e à fome. (TerraViva/FIM)

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 21 (TerraViva) Agriculture and food security are one area where experts say that even a more general level of agreement, as reached in the final Rio+20 declaration, constitutes progress.

Peruvian farmer Inocencia Chipana shows her coffee beans outside a cooperative warehouse. Credit: Milagros Salazar/IPS

“The European Union considers that the Rio final agreement could have gone much further, (but) when it comes to agriculture and food security, I think the document is consistent enough in that the importance of small family farming for improving global food security is properly recognised,” EU Agriculture Commissioner Dacian Ciolos told TerraViva.

According to the commissioner, the main value of the Rio agreement for global food security is that it acknowledges that this is an issue that needs to be addressed from economic, environmental and social points of view and that international collective efforts are needed in this direction.

Other positive aspects in the agreement, according to Ciolos, are the acknowledgement that technology and innovation have to be made available to small farmers, not just to agri-businesses, and the need to cushion farmers from the negative effects of global food price volatility.

Ciolos’ relatively positive assessment of agriculture and food security in the Rio+20 final document is shared by Emile Frison, director general of Biodiversity International.

According to Frison, agriculture was one of the less controversial points in the negotiations but this should be taken as a good sign, meaning that countries have come to accept the urgency of addressing food security as a global problem.

“Malnutrition has finally been recognised as a major concern for the future,” Frison told TerraViva. “And it has been acknowledged that if we want to address the issue of malnutrition, we cannot solve it only by offering pills and supplements, but a more sustainable solution has to be found and this has to come through a more diverse agriculture that provides a more diverse diet and a better health.”

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 21 (TerraViva) What does birth control have to do with reducing global emissions? Everything, women around the world would say, because they know how closely linked reproductive health is to poverty, food security, climate change and more.

A woman’s work is never done. Taken in a low-income settlement in Karachi, Pakistan. Photo by Fahim Siddiqi/IPS

This message was precisely what female leaders at the Rio+20 Conference on Sustainable Development were saying, but not many were listening, least of all the Vatican.

“The only way to respond to increasing human numbers and dwindling resources is through the empowerment of women,” said Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, former prime minister of Norway and former director-general of the World Health Organisation (WHO).

“It is through giving women access to education, knowledge, to paid income, independence and of course access to reproductive health services, reproductive rights, access to family planning,” she stressed.

Female leaders have long been telling the world that sustainable development is not just about deforestation, climate change and carbon emissions. It’s about understanding that sustainable development will not be possible without gender equality and that sexual and reproductive rights are human rights.

This concept is nothing new. At the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, there was unanimous agreement that sustainable development cannot be realised without gender equality.

So it’s frustrating for people like Rebecca Lefton, a policy analyst focusing on international climate change and women at the Center for American Progress, a Washington D.C.-based think tank, to be fighting over something that was recognised 20 years ago.

Lefton has followed the negotiations for several months, and to her dismay, has found that many references to women’s reproductive rights and gender equality have been scrapped from the Rio summit’s text.

“Women’s rights and gender equality were affirmed, but not as strongly as they could be,” she told TerraViva. “I don’t think the text would be reopened to be revised or tweaked,” she added.

Brundtland sounded more optimistic. “It looked quite bad some weeks ago in the preparing process for this meeting….In the last week or two this has improved,” she said, citing “key passages on women as central partners in decision-making”.

The United States, Norway and several women’s rights organisations were fighting to keep the language strong, but the Holy See (the Vatican) led the opposition to remove passages ensuring women’s reproductive rights.

“The result is that the final text has no reference to reproductive rights and commits to promotion rather than ensuring equal access of women to health care, education, basic services and economic opportunities,” said Lefton.

“It’s quite frustrating to find the Vatican exerting so much power over what the majority of women want but don’t have access to,” she told TerraViva, adding that the Vatican equates reproductive rights and health with abortion – an inaccurate comparison, at best.

Female heads of state and government gathered at the Rio+20 women leaders’ summit nevertheless remained undaunted and pledged that the document they signed would not be lost in the “forest of declarations on gender issues”. They urged governments, civil society and the private sector to prioritise gender equality and female empowerment in their sustainable development efforts.

“We know from research that advancing gender equality is not just good for women, it is good for all of us. When women enjoy equal rights and opportunities, poverty, hunger and poor health decline and economic growth rises,” said Michelle Bachelet, executive director of U.N. Women.

Cate Owren, executive director of the Women’s Environment and Development Organisation (WEDO), criticised the removal of references to reproductive rights from the Rio outcome document.

“Political compromises for the sake of an agreement should not have cost us our rights – nor our planet,” she said.

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 21 (TerraViva) After nearly 50 years as an international wire service, the Rome-based Inter Press Service (IPS) is branching out into WebTV, keeping pace with the latest advances in digital technology.

Announcing the launch of IPS WebTV at RioCentro June 21. Credit: Ana Libisch/IPS

Utilising its current resources and manpower, the new WebTV will draw on more than 400 journalists in 140 countries, many of them with substantial expertise already in the visual media, according to IPS Director-General Mario Lubetkin.

The pilot phase will be launched in early 2013 with daily broadcasts through the web originating from its studios in Rome.

Lubetkin told Terra Viva that the IPS network of journalists, mostly from or based in the global South, will bring a new visual dimension to reporting on issues relating primarily to development, rights, energy, food, civil society, gender empowerment, the environment – and the growing emergence of the South on the multicultural world stage.

“IPS WebTV will be much more than a visual cousin of the print product,” Lubetkin said.

The formal launch, presided over by the President of the U.N. General Assembly Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser, took place on the sidelines of the Rio+20 summit of world leaders here.

Also speaking at the launch were Sergio Alli representing the government of Brazil, Omar Resende Peres, president of the IPS Television Board, Carlos Tiburcio, chair of the IPS Core Group of Donors, and René Castro, minister of environment, energy and telecommunications of Costa Rica.

“I am confident that the IPS WebTV that we are launching today would contribute in a meaningful way towards advancing our continuing efforts for global solidarity and cooperation to a higher and more mutually beneficial level,” Al-Nasser said.

“As a media institution primarily focusing on development issues and providing a perspective of the South, (IPS) is making a major contribution towards presenting a balanced view with diversity of perspectives and highlighting the needs of the most vulnerable in the global agenda.”

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 21 (TerraViva) Over one billion people in the developing world could benefit from the Sustainable Energy for All initiative to bring electricity and clean-burning cookstoves to those without by 2030, U.N. officials said here June 21.

Some 2.7 billion people rely on traditional biomass such as wood or dung for cooking and heating. Credit: IPS

However, civil society is critical that the target communities are simply being treated as customers and not partners in this effort.

“Hundreds of millions will gain improved access to energy through grid extension and off-grid solutions, as well as scaled-up renewable energy sources,” said Kandeh Yumkella, director-general of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and head of UN-Energy.

Launched last fall, Sustainable Energy for All has three goals: ensure universal access to modern energy services; double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency; and double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.

Worldwide, approximately 2.7 billion people rely on traditional biomass such as wood or dung for cooking and heating. Some 1.3 billion have no access to electricity, and up to a billion more only have access to unreliable electricity networks. Most energy-poor communities are concentrated in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

“This initiative is being decided by an unaccountable hand-picked group dominated by representatives of multinational corporations and fossil fuel interests,” Nimmo Bassey, Nigerian environmentalist activist and chair of Friends of the Earth International (FOEI), told TerraViva.

Many of those involved have strong ties to the fossil fuel industry, including banks that finance and profit from new oil and gas development. The Bank of America is the world’s third largest coal financier, according a new FOEI report.

Other key players include Eskom, South Africa’s coal and electricity utility, Brazil’s largest power utility Electrobras, along with oil and gas companies Statoil and Duke Energy. Former CEOs of Shell and BP are also involved. The sole independent representative of civil society is the Barefoot College of India, says the report, “Reclaim the UN”.

FOEI and a broad coalition of 107 NGOs want energy access to be improved through community-controlled small-scale sustainable energy projects.

They are calling on the U.N. secretary-general to open up the process to affected and marginalised communities so they can be full participants.

Bassey and others are increasingly concerned that U.N. organisations are being dominated by corporate interests, particularly in the areas of energy, agriculture and food, water and the financialisation of nature.

“As it stands currently, ‘sustainable energy for all’ will fail spectacularly in its goal of tackling climate change and poverty,” he said.

RÍO DE JANEIRO, 21 jun (TerraViva) Se calcula que la población mundial pasará de los actuales 7.000 millones de personas a 9.000 millones para mediados de este siglo, y esto no solo significa ciudades hacinadas, sino también una mayor demanda de alimentos, agua, energía y vivienda.

Los esfuerzos por promover el desarrollo sostenible que no abordan la dinámica demográfica han fracasado y continuarán haciéndolo. Crédito: Fahim Siddiqi/IPS.

El siglo XXI es un periodo crítico para las personas y para el planeta. Y las tendencias demográficas y de consumo plantean desafíos tremendos en un mundo finito, alerta un informe divulgado este jueves 21 por el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA) en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible, conocida como Río+20.

Titulado “Population Matters for Sustainable Development” (Asuntos de población para el desarrollo sostenible, o La población importa para el desarrollo sostenible), el estudio subraya la relevancia de las dinámicas demográficas en la agenda del desarrollo sostenible que, señala, se ha perdido en las últimas décadas.

El informe propone políticas concretas, centradas en las personas y los derechos humanos, para abordar los problemas que enfrenta el mundo en este siglo.

En una entrevista con TerraViva, el director ejecutivo del UNFPA, Babatunde Osotimehin, dijo que mejorar el bienestar de la humanidad ahora y con vistas al futuro requiere, sobre todo, un cambio genuino e inmediato hacia la producción sostenible y el consumo equilibrado, ambos sellos distintivos de la economía verde.

“En todas partes, pero especialmente en las economías emergentes, millones más de personas se están volviendo consumidoras más ricas de bienes y servicios, lo que se agrega a las presiones sobre los recursos naturales. Por lo tanto, se requieren con urgencia patrones sostenibles de consumo, habilitados en parte por tecnologías apropiadas”, declaró.

Según Osotimehin, la nueva dinámica demográfica presenta muchos desafíos, pero también ofrece oportunidades para garantizar un futuro sostenible. Cambios como la tendencia a vivir en ciudades, pueden reducir las presiones sobre el ambiente, reduciendo el consumo de recursos.

“Enlentecer el aumento de población puede tener un impacto positivo sobre la sostenibilidad ambiental a largo plazo. También dará a las naciones más tiempo para adaptarse a los cambios en el ambiente. Sin embargo, esto solo puede ocurrir si las mujeres tienen el derecho, el poder y los medios para decidir libremente cuántos hijos tener y cuándo”, dijo.

El informe plantea que más de dos tercios de los gobiernos de los 48 países menos adelantados se han declarado muy preocupados por el gran aumento de la población, la alta fertilidad y la rápida urbanización.

A fin de volver a poner la agenda de población en el debate acerca del desarrollo sostenible, es necesario reconocer que la dinámica demográfica tiene una gran influencia sobre el mismo. Los esfuerzos por promover el desarrollo sostenible que no abordan la dinámica demográfica han fracasado y continuarán haciéndolo, señala.

Pero el cambio es posible mediante una serie de políticas que respeten los derechos humanos y las libertades, y que contribuyan a la reducción de la fertilidad, a un notorio acceso a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva, a una educación que vaya más allá de la primaria, y al empoderamiento de las mujeres.

Osotimehin dijo que los gobiernos también tienen que integrar las tendencias poblacionales y las proyecciones para el futuro en sus estrategias y políticas de desarrollo.

“Las inversiones que se realizan en base a -y que se aprovechan de- las tendencias demográficas pueden ayudar a transformar las poblaciones en un rico capital humano que puede impulsar el desarrollo sostenible”, expresó.

“La planificación para los cambios proyectados en el tamaño de la población por tendencias como las migraciones, el envejecimeinto y la urbanización es una condición indispensable para que haya estrategias sostenibles de desarrollo rural, urbano y nacional, así como esfuerzos significativos para mitigar y adaptarse al cambio climático”, agregó.

(FIN)

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 21 (TerraViva) Danish artist Jen Galschiot is sending a strong message to delegates at the Rio+20 summit – one that some may not wish to hear.

Artist Jen Galschiot discusses his work. Credit: Isaiah Esipisu/IPS

His metal sculptures, found outside the RioCentro summit complex, are elegant and diverse, but also aim to prick the conscience of world leaders gathered here. The most conspicuous one – the Statue of Liberty – holds a document with an ironic message: “The Freedom to Pollute”.

“We are not asking people to freely pollute the environment. But this sculpture symbolises the conflict between our demands for unbridled consumption and our concern for the planet that would imply that we restrict our excesses,” Galschiot told TerraViva.

Another eye-catching statue shows a pregnant woman hanging on a cross, titled “In the Name of God” – statement about the Catholic Church’s rejection of family planning and contraceptive use.

“The world is changing very fast, and population pressure is already affecting the climate and livelihoods. The more people there are in the world, the more forests are felled to create space for settlement, farming and grazing, the more the climate keeps changing,” said the artist.

“People need the freedom to choose the size of families they should have, in tandem with the available resources,” he added.

Galschiot’s sculptures, such as a series of figures titled “Climate Refugees”, paint a disturbing vision of a world plagued by hunger and want.

According to the United Nations, the number of people forced to move from their homes due to climate-related disasters could rise to 150 million worldwide in the next 40 years.

“It will be remembered that in 1992, the world’s heads of states made a promise to the world that they would form a global partnersdhip for sustainable development, and make the world a better place for the future generations. But 20 years on, all the promises have been broken. Billions of people are going without food, have no access to electricity, children are not going to school, and the list is endless,” he said.

SEROPEDICA, Brazil, Jun 21 (TerraViva) – An agroecological farm outside of Rio de Janeiro is a testing ground for scientists and agronomists in Brazil, who have worked there for two decades to show that it is possible to produce a wide range of natural agricultural products in a cheap, efficient way that harms neither the environment nor human health.

Everything produced on the Haciendita KM 47 is “ecologically correct and very tasty.” Credit: Fabiana Frayssinet/TerraViva

The Integrated Agroecological Production System, better known as the “Haciendita agroecologica KM 47” or “Kilometre 47 agroecological farm”, covers 60 hectares of land in the municipality of Seropedica, 47 km from Rio de Janeiro.

Researchers from EMBRAPA, the government’s agricultural research agency, the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro and other government institutions have been carrying out field studies in agroecology on the farm since 1993.

The farm integrates chemical-free agricultural and livestock production, based on crop diversification, and the main target beneficiaries of the research are family farmers, who account for 75 percent of the labour force in the Brazilian countryside.

“Ecological agriculture seeks to some extent to reproduce the conditions of the natural environment, and in a natural environment, what ensures dynamic equilibrium is the biodiversity of species,” EMBRAPA agronomist Ernani Jardim told TerraViva.

“When that diversity is reduced, it opens the door to the emergence of some pest or disease or environmental condition that causes an imbalance,” he added.

Biodiversity and sustainable water and soil management have transformed the landscape of grasslands here into an oasis where 50 kinds of plants are grown, including fruit trees, vegetables, cereals and forage crops.

The farm, a green paradise in a degraded portion of the Baixada Fluminense or Fluminense Lowlands – a region sometimes considered to be part of the Rio de Janeiro greater metropolitan area – also has sections devoted to the severely threatened Mata Atlântica or Atlantic Forest ecosystem, and a botanical garden.

Organic fertiliser is also made here, using vegetable waste and manure from cows that produce organic milk.

Net earnings of 30,000 dollars a year were obtained from just one hectare, said Alessandra Carvalho, another EMBRAPA researcher.

Prevention is emphasised in the fight against pests and diseases. Pest-resistant species are planted, the best production periods are chosen for planting, crops are diversified, and the water used for irrigation is monitored to avoid fungus.

“Natural enemies” are also used, such as traps for harmful insects, botanical extracts, or, in extreme cases, substances that are permitted in organic agriculture.

Mulch is used to repel pests and prevent erosion and weeds.

The dairy station is also organic. Homeopathic remedies are used instead of antibiotics and parasiticides, and the barns have good ventilation and receive sunlight. The aim is “the animal’s welfare,” because if livestock are treated well they fall sick less frequently, said Mónica Florio, a veterinarian with the agricultural company of the state of Rio de Janeiro, PESAGRO.

The veterinarian said that in just one year, the health of the cows improved, and parasitic infections and reproductive problems were brought under control.

Production was “excellent” – between 13 and 14 litres per animal, she added. And it was not necessary to buy animal feed, because the cows are fed on grass or forage grown on the farm.

On another section of the farm, Daniel Caravalho, a researcher at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, is developing solar energy and irrigation systems based on simple technologies that use anything from bamboo to old washing machine parts.

A table with snacks and juice prepared using organic vegetables, fruit and milk is the best way to sum up the ecofarm’s success.

“Is it just ecologically correct, or is it tasty as well?” Argentine journalist Laura Chertkoff asked TerraViva, to which this journalist responded: “Ecologically correct and very tasty.”

* This story was originally published by IPS TerraViva.

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 21 (IPS) As the global population threatens to explode – from the current seven billion to over nine billion by mid-century – the sharp increase in humans not only means overcrowded cities but also increasing demands on food, water, energy and shelter, foreshadowing devastating implications for a sustainable future.

Efforts to promote sustainable development that do not address population dynamics will continue to fail. Credit: Fahim Siddiqi/IPS

The 21st century is a critical period for people and the planet, with demographic and consumption trends posing tremendous challenges in a finite world, warns a new report released at the Rio+20 summit on June 21 by the U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA).

Appropriately titled “Population Matters for Sustainable Development,” the report underlines the relevance of population dynamics in the sustainable development agenda “which has been lost over the past decades”.

It puts forward concrete human-centred and rights-based policies to address issues facing the world at large in the 21st century.

In an interview with TerraViva, UNFPA Executive Director Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin said improving the wellbeing of humanity now and into the future requires above all a genuine and immediate shift towards sustainable production and balanced consumption – the hallmark of the green economy.

“Everywhere, but especially in emerging economies, millions more people are becoming richer consumers of goods and services, thus adding to pressures on natural resources. Sustainable patterns of consumption – enabled in part by appropriate technologies – are therefore urgently needed,” he said.

Dr. Osotimehin said new global population dynamics present many challenges but also offer opportunities to secure a sustainable future. Demographic shifts, such as the trend towards living in cities, can reduce strains on the environment by reducing consumption of resources.

“Slowing population growth can have a positive impact on environmental sustainability in the long run. It will also offer nations more time to adapt to changes in the environment. However, this can occur only if women have the right, the power and the means to decide freely how many children to have and when,” he said.

The report says more than two-thirds of the governments of the 48 least developed countries (LDCs) have expressed major concerns with high population growth, high fertility and rapid urbanisation.

In order to bring the population agenda back into the sustainable development discussion, there is a need to recognise that population dynamics have a significant influence on sustainable development; efforts to promote sustainable development that do not address population dynamics have and will continue to fail; and population dynamics are not destiny.

But change is possible through a set of policies which respect human rights and freedoms and contribute to a reduction in fertility, notably access to sexual and reproductive health care, education beyond the primary level, and the empowerment of women.

Dr. Osotimehin said governments also need to integrate population trends and future projections into their development strategies and policies. “Investments that are built on – and take advantage of – demographic trends can help transform populations into rich human capital that can propel sustainable development,” he said.

“Planning for projected changes in population size for trends such as migration, ageing and urbanisation is an indispensable precondition for sustainable rural, urban and national development strategies, as well as meaningful efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change.”

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 21 (TerraViva) – NGOs present at the Rio+20 conference complain that they were only consulted on the official document at the last minute, when they could no longer make a significant impact.

Representatives of WWF, Greenpeace and Oxfam criticise the final text and exclusion of NGOs from negotiations Thursday, June 21. Credit: Claudia Ciobanu/IPS

Speaking during the opening ceremony of the official segment of the Rio+20 conference June 20, when heads of state were supposed to rubber-stamp the final document presented by Brazil, a representative of NGO groups present here said that “the text is completely out of touch with reality and NGOs at Rio do not endorse this document.”

The NGO representative (identified as Waek Hamidan from Climate Action Network Europe by Brazilian media) said that the text was a failure because it did not address crucial issues such as ending support for fossil fuels and nuclear power, or taking clear steps to address high seas destruction.

He asked that, if the text remains as it was presented Tuesday, mentions of civil society being part of drafting it be removed from the introduction to the document.

NGOs present in Rio have all expressed deep disappointment with the final document, though they do not all necessarily agree with the call to strike out mentions of the text being elaborated together with civil society.

Barbara Stocking, chief executive officer at Oxfam, told TerraViva on June 22 that her organisation supports eliminating the civil society reference from the final text.

“Basically, civil society does not stand with that set of declarations,” Stocking said. “The basics are there, but there is nothing in it really that civil society has been strongly pushing for. There was no proper process of how civil society could be engaged.

“The dialogues took place just in advance of the actual high-level part of it but there has been no real means to bring that in because the actual text was closed by the time that was finished.”

But Sharon Burrow, secretary general of the International Trade Union Confederation, took a different approach. “I support the ambition and the views, but my challenge is not to remove us from the text but to clarify what co-determination (co-decision) really means when we move forward,” Burrow said.

“We, civil society, trade unions, represent the people and so do politicians. They presented us with a final text on the eve of the summit, that was most frustrating. But it’s not about a word in the text, it’s about the fact that if they’re serious about co-decision, they have to tell us how we will be involved, tell us what is the timeline.”

Kumi Naidoo, head of Greenpeace International, told TerraViva that leaving civil society in the text or not is a theoretical question at this point, as no further changes will be made and the majority of civil society finds the document clearly inadequate and lacking in ambition.

RIO DE JANEIRO, 21 junho (TerraViva) – Uma comitiva de 25 indígenas do Brasil, Filipinas, Estados Unidos, Guatemala, Argentina e México chamou a atenção dos participantes da Rio+20. Com suas músicas e gritos, pinturas e roupas típicas, eles se reuniram perto das bandeiras símbolos do evento, no Riocentro, para entregar a Declaração da Kari-Oca 2 aos representantes do Brasil e das Nações Unidas. Outros 400 indígenas não puderam entrar – ficaram retidos na barreira de soldados, a poucos metros da entrada do principal pavilhão. A aldeia instalada em Jacarepaguá reuniu cerca de 600 indígenas de quase todo o mundo que analisaram a situação dos povos desde a Rio 92.

Marcos Terena e Gilberto Carvalho: reconhecimento dos direitos indígenas. Crédito: Clarinha Glock

“Estamos conscientes da história de massacre dos povos indígenas no Brasil e sabemos de nossa dívida com os índios”, falou o ministro Gilberto Carvalho, da Secretaria Geral da Presidência da República, que recebeu o documento em nome da presidenta Dilma Rousseff. Carvalho acompanhou parte da caminhada. “Não há como não se comprometer. Deus e a Mãe Terra abençoe todos vocês”, falou, pouco antes de entrar no Riocentro para a cerimônia de entrega da Declaração a Nikhil Seth, diretor para Desenvolvimento Sustentável das Nações Unidas. Foi um encontro amigável, de boas intenções, em que as denúncias de violações dos direitos dos indígenas, presente durante todos os dias da Rio+20 nas discussões da Kari-Oca e da Cúpula dos Povos, foi apresentada na Declaração e através de depoimentos emocionados como o de Tom Goldtooth, em nome dos povos Navajo e Dakota, dos Estados Unidos: “Este documento representa o espírito de nossos ancestrais, dos que não estão aqui porque não puderam vir, e das gerações futuras”, anunciou Goldtooth. Berenice Sanches Nahua, do México, reiterou que a economia verde não pode ser encarada como uma solução, se é a causa do problema, e o REDD (Redução de Emissões por Desmatamento e Degradação) é o coração da economia verde. “Na prática, esperamos que o governo brasileiro estabeleça uma política de participação indígena, porque mostramos essa capacidade aqui”, disse o líder brasileiro Marcos Terena a Terraviva, pouco antes de encontrar o representante da ONU.

Em seu discurso, Terena ressaltou que a Declaração tem recomendações simples. “Convidamos toda a sociedade civil a proteger e a promover os nossos direitos… em harmonia com a Natureza, solidariedade, coletividade, e valores, como cuidar e compartilhar. Se a ONU quer criar um mundo justo, precisa ouvir a voz indígena sobre equilíbrio e sustentabilidade. Nesse sentido, nossa recomendação para a Rio 20 é a inclusão da cultura como quarto pilar do desenvolvimento sustentável”, afirmou Terena. E finalizou com um pedido: três minutos para falar na Conferência. “Acreditamos que em três minutos podemos ajudar a fazer uma nova Nações Unidas”.

Em nome do Secretário Geral das Nações Unidas, Nikhil Seth disse que a ONU vai fazer todo o possível para encorajar os governos a respeitarem e honrarem a cultura e as tradições, a terra e a espiritualidade dos povos indígenas. Segundo Seth, o documento final reconhece explicitamente os direitos dos indígenas e a ONU vai fazer “todo o possível para respeitar e honrar os resultados da Rio+20”. Seth prometeu repassar ao secretariado o pedido de Terena para falar na plenária. Ao final, o líder espiritual que abriu a Kari-Oca há uma semana fez uma reza simbólica e Terena convidou para o encerramento do fogo sagrado marcado para as 13h do dia 22, data de encerramento da Conferência.  (TerraViva)

(FIM/2012)

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 21 (TerraViva) Imagine a space in which humanity can reconcile the often conflicting imperatives of population and a healthy natural environment.

Imagining sustainable development as a doughnut. Credit: Courtesy of Kate Raworth

Imagine this space shaped as a doughnut, providing a perspective on sustainable development that pursues environmental sustainability and social justice together.

Kate Raworth from Oxfam Great Britain introduced her novel research during a side event organised by Oxfam and the Expo Milano 2015 at Rio+20.

“Achieving sustainable development for nine billion people has to be high on the list of humanity’s great uncharted journeys,” Raworth told TerraViva.

“If we go over the limits of environmental ceiling there is unacceptable environmental degradation, but if we go under the floor of social boundaries, then we have unacceptable human deprivation. The space in the middle, within the boundaries, is the only just and safe space for all.”

The Expo 2015, scheduled to run three years from now in Milan, Italy, will focus on food and nutrition. Titled “Feeding the planet, energy for life”, the Expo aims at stimulating a global discussion on the challenges linked to food production and food security, safety, availability and nutrition.

“We have to make peace with the earth, and defend it so that all the peoples can have access to its land, water, forests and seeds, and biodiversity,” said renowned Indian environmentalist Vandana Shiva, who was invited by ActionAid, a civil society partner of Expo Milan, to give her views on equity and sustainability.

Rio+20 is a crucial summit for Earth’s future, she said, “But food security must remain on top of the agenda even after Rio.”

Anaclaudia Rossbach, director of the Interecao NGO, a Brazilian partner of the Association of Volunteers in International Service (AVSI) that promotes sustainable development through citizen participation, told TerraViva, “What traditionally happens is that governments take decisions top down and communities have less opportunities to participate, or if there is some space for them, it is always in a consultative way.

“If communities understand what’s possible to build in their territory, then transformations are possible. If they don’t know, if they don’t look abroad, they will be excluded from development forever.”

In July, Expo Milan will announce its financial support for the participation of civil society representatives from 10 developing countries to the upcoming international participants’ meeting Oct. 10-12. The meeting will be held every year until 2015, and convenes all the countries, institutions and organisations that are shaping the Expo 2015.

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 21 (TerraViva) The outcome of Rio+20 was dismissed as a “complete failure” for its lack of specific targets and deadlines by Kumi Naidoo, the executive director of Greenpeace.

“The bottom line is that on all fundamental things on environment and climate, things are extremely dire,” said Greenpeace head Kumi Naidoo. Credit: Amantha Perera/IPS

Greenpeace has been one of the most vocal critics of the outcome of months of discussions on the final declaration at the Rio summit on sustainable development, which has increasingly come under fire by civil society as a sellout.

“There is a lot of spin and theatre to show that the outcome here has been a success,” Naidoo said June 21, one day before the summit officially ends.

“Are there specific benchmarks, are there specific resources (committed)?” he asked. “The reality is that there is a complete failure in that regard.”

Naidoo acknowledged that there were major disagreements among negotiating countries, but addsed that this will not be emphasised in official recaps of the summit. “They were under pressure to put on a nice face and say it was success.”

The Greenpeace head said that the full failure of the outcome should not be put entirely on Brazil, but added that the host nation should accept some blame for its efforts to secure a consensus, no matter how weak.

“Many governments have complained how hard Brazil was pushing to get any agreement at any cost,” he said, adding that the final result was a document with the lowest possible ambition. He also blamed richer nations for defending their own narrow interests.

Some U.N. officials who have been monitoring the negotiating process also said that there was pressure. One told TerraViva that many countries agree the declaration does not offer solutions to the dire crises currently faced by humanity, but were unlikely to say so publicly.

Naidoo stressed that a declaration lacking specific targets will fail to halt worsening problems like climate change, loss of biodiversity and deforestation.

“The bottom line is that on all fundamental things on environment and climate, things are extremely dire. All the signs are that time is running out. Within the context of lack of specific commitments with appropriate resources, we declare the outcome as an epic failure,” Naidoo said.

RIO DE JANEIRO, 20 de junho (Terra Viva) O secretário-geral da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), Ban Ki-moon, apresentou um cenário assustador para o futuro não muito distante a mais de cem líderes mundiais presentes na abertura da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável, a Rio+20, no Rio de Janeiro no dia 20.

Secretário-geral Ban Ki-moon bate o martelo para marcar a abertura oficial da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável, a Rio+20. Foto: UN Photo/Mark Garten

Ele destacou três tendências perigosas: muita disputa política, graves problemas econômicos e ampliação das desigualdades sociais. Ban colocou a Rio +20 em um contexto sombrio ao observar que 20 anos atrás, durante a Cúpula da Terra de 1992, havia 5,5 bilhões de pessoas no mundo. “Agora, são mais de sete bilhões. E até 2030, precisaremos de 50% mais alimentos, 45% mais energia e 30% mais de água, apenas para continuar a viver como fazemos hoje”,

Sem sombra de dúvida, advertiu, “entramos numa nova era… Até mesmo uma nova época geológica, onde a atividade humana está alterando fundamentalmente a dinâmica da Terra”. Nossa presença global ultrapassou os limites do nosso planeta, ressaltou.

No dia 19, os delegados de 191 países aprovaram um plano para o desenvolvimento sustentável, intitulado O Futuro que Queremos, que deverá ser aprovado pelos líderes mundiais no dia 22. Contudo, a pergunta permanece: como é que este modelo será dotado de recursos e de uma estrutura institucional? Numa coletiva para a imprensa no início do dia, Ban admitiu que teria preferido um plano de ação mais ambicioso para o futuro. “Eu sei que alguns Estados-membros tinham esperança de ter um documento final mais ousado e ambicioso. Eu também espero que tenhamos um documento final mais ambicioso”, declarou.

“Mas vocês também devem entender que as negociações têm sido muito, muito difíceis, e muito lentas, por causa de todos os interesses e ideias conflitantes”, ponderou Ban, acrescentando que “alguns apresentaram (muitas) ações audaciosas e de grande alcance, enquanto alguns países também tinham os seus próprios pontos de vista e interesses. Então vocês devem entender que este é o resultado de um processo muito longo e delicado de negociação. ”

Dirigindo-se aos líderes mundiais, Ban disse: “vamos acompanhar a Rio +20, com compromisso e ação. Agora é a hora de agir”. E enfatizou que “não vamos pedir aos nossos filhos e netos para convocar uma Rio+40 ou Rio+60. Agora é a hora de ficar acima de estreitos interesses nacionais, e olhar além dos interesses deste ou daquele grupo. É hora de agir com uma visão mais ampla e de longo prazo. Aqui, na Rio +20, podemos assumir o controle do futuro que queremos”. Envolverde/IPS

(FIM/2012)

RIO DE JANEIRO, 20 de junho (TerraViva) O clichê de que cúpulas gigantescas como a Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável, a Rio+20, são “grandes demais para ter sucesso” também pode ser aplicado para as megalópoles dos nossos dias, tais como o Rio de Janeiro: elas são simplesmente grandes demais para se tornarem verdes e sustentáveis.

Barracos perto de cursos de água são uma visão comum em Manila. Foto: Kara Santos/IPS

E ainda assim, este é precisamente o compromisso assumido pelos prefeitos das 59 maiores cidades do mundo, reunidas no chamado grupo C-40. Em um evento paralelo durante a Rio+20, os prefeitos do grupo C-40 lembraram que os maiores centros urbanos do mundo têm “o potencial de reduzir as suas emissões anuais de gases de efeito estufa em mais de um bilhão de toneladas até 2030″, uma quantidade equivalente às emissões anuais de México e Canadá juntos. Agora, os prefeitos querem reduzir as emissões em 45% até 2030.

Atenção para a palavra “potencial” – onipresente nestes dias de admissões humildes de bem conhecidos dados científicos sobre catástrofes concretas, e promessas vagas para enfrentar os problemas em algum momento no futuro. Na verdade, megalópoles em todo o mundo, do Rio de Janeiro à Cidade do México, de Tóquio a Xangai, têm um vasto potencial para reduzir sua poluição, porque elas são grandes poluidoras em primeiro lugar. Uma megalópole por si só constitui um desperdício sem sentido de energia, humana ou não.

Para mudar isso, as cidades precisam lançar uma revolução improvável e possivelmente pouco popular, que poderia afetar praticamente todos os aspectos da vida, dos transportes e a gestão de resíduos, até a geração e o consumo de eletricidade, o abastecimento de alimentos e a gestão populacional. Para uma tal revolução ter sucesso, as cidades deveriam parar de atrair populações rurais em busca de uma vida melhor nos grandes centros urbanos. Se a revolução fosse bem-sucedida, as megalópoles se tornariam capitais de países de contos de fadas, algo improvável de se tornar realidade em nossas vidas.

Vamos começar com o transporte. É sabido que a atividade de transporte é responsável por 13% de todos os gases de efeito estufa gerados pelo homem, e por 23% do dióxido de carbono (CO2) do mundo, provenientes da combustão de combustíveis fósseis. A dependência do petróleo é de assustadores 95%, sendo o setor responsável por 60% do consumo total de petróleo. Para reduzir a sua quota de poluição, as cidades teriam de oferecer transporte público eficiente e, simultaneamente, desencorajar o uso de automóveis particulares, aumentando substancialmente a tributação e os preços dos combustíveis, e limitando o acesso aos centros urbanos.

As cidades teriam de incentivar o uso de bicicletas, aumentar significativamente a eficiência de motores de combustão para reduzir os gases de escape e garantir a segurança para os usuários do transporte público, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Hoje, o crime é um importante fator desestimulante para os cidadãos, particularmente as mulheres, usarem o transporte público.

Seria um eufemismo chamar esse conjunto de metas algo difícil de alcançar, caro, e muito provavelmente impopular. Mas isso é só o começo da lista de coisas a fazer para administrações e planejadores urbanos.

Embora o aquecimento não seja um problema grave nas cidades tropicais, ele o é em países com invernos frios. Nesses locais, otimizar o isolamento térmico dos edifícios é uma obrigação, e também é ter sistemas de condicionamento de ar mais eficientes durante os verões quentes. Isto requer enormes investimentos privados, que precisam do apoio de agências estatais de crédito, e cortes de impostos para torná-los atraentes para os cidadãos. Edifícios-modelo com emissões zero já existem em alguns países industrializados – mas eles são modelos, ainda estão muito longe de se tornarem o padrão da política habitacional.

Além disso, as cidades terão de depender cada vez mais em fontes renováveis – sol, vento, biomassa. Elas devem desencorajar resíduos, especialmente plástico, alumínio e outros compostos não degradáveis. Quando os resíduos são inevitáveis, eles deve ser reciclados. Cidades terão de usar fontes locais e regionais de alimentos para reduzir ainda mais as emissões dos transportes. E assim por diante …

Como já mencionado, a cidade sustentável do futuro não apenas deveria desencorajar a migração vinda do campo, como também teria que incentivar o retorno para as áreas rurais para reduzir a sua própria população. Em outras palavras, a cidade sustentável do futuro teria que espelhar o país sustentável do futuro, que oferece oportunidades para populações em áreas rurais, cruzadas por mais por ferrovias do que por rodovias, o país verde e socialmente justo de nossos sonhos.

Esse país não está logo ali na esquina, e certamente não se tornará possível por meio dessas conferências gigantescas, como a Rio+20. Esse país, os cidadãos terão de construir por conta própria. Envolverde/IPS

(FIM 2012)

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 21 (TerraViva) He was on a flight to the biggest international summit on environment in a decade when Kenyan indigenous rights activist Peter Kitelo’s attention was suddenly drawn to a government advertisement.

Indigenous tribes like these on the remote Indonesian island of Lombok are increasingly threatened by development. Credit: Amantha Perera/IPS

It called for national and international investors to put funds into “forest development”. Kitelo could not escape the irony. Here he was, on route to the Rio+20 U.N. Conference on Sustainable Development, and he was looking at yet another assault on the livelihoods and very existence of indigenous communities.

“Sustainable development is not really sustaining my people,” Kitelo told TerraViva in Rio.

He said that forest communities like his and in other East African countries such as Uganda and Tanzania are discriminated against by central governments and policy-makers who determine the future of their native lands.

“We are being left out, no one talks to the right people in our communities,” he said.

When plans are laid for land development, they are advertised in newspapers and other media, to which native tribes hardly have access. Only when the plans are reaching their final stage will officials come and hold short meetings in villages, which Kitelo says are more an effort to satisfy donor requirements than a genuine effort at engagement.

“Then, even before we know it, our land is not ours anymore,” he said.

Kitelo cited the example of forest development for tourism. The concept talks about preserving the forests, but in the process prevents his people from using the forest. “The whole concept of forest conservation does not allow human interaction, but that is what my people have been doing for generations,” he said.

The Kenyan experience is hardly unique. All over the world, indigenous communities complain that they are being left out of the decision-making processes on their own land.

Laura George, from the Amerindian Peoples’ Association of Guyana, told TerraViva that when new land laws were to be introduced in June 2009, there were no consultations with the indigenous people at all. A year later, a final document was produced.

Government officials attending the Rio conference held a side event and claimed that indigenous populations were in fact consulted.

“When I informed them they weren’t, the officials were not happy, but that is the truth,” George told TerraViva.

This type of discrimination can lead to indigenous communities losing their way of life completely.

“While governments are coming to Rio to talk about sustainable development, in my country, Peru, the pressure is growing day by day from policies of the national government that seek to open up our remote forest territories to transnational companies through road infrastructure projects,” said Robert Guimaraes Vasquez of the Shipibo people in the Peruvian Amazon.

Activists said that even in Rio, indigenous groups faced discrimination, with logistics preventing them from gathering together.

“One group is here, another group is 40 km away. How can we form a common front? We are so far apart here,” George said.

Still, conferences like Rio+20 do offer at least small avenues where indigenous groups can bring their problems to a wider and influential audience.

George and Kitelo both told TerraViva that if governments remain deaf to their concerns, they will seek action within international bodies.

“That could be our last resort,” George said.

RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 21 (TerraViva) Chewang Norphel is an unlikely hero. He’s a modest, small, quiet, thoughtful man, who doesn’t check his own image every time he walks by a mirror. A couple of years ago, some of his neighbours even thought that he was crazy.

The Tso Rolpa glacial lake in central Nepal has grown due to the faster melting of snow with global warming. Credit: Kishor Rimal/IPS

But now, Norphel, an Indian civil engineer working for the department of Rural Development (DRD) of Jammu Kashmir in Ladakh, in the Himalayas, is greeted by the very same people who dismissed him as a benefactor.

During his long stint at the DRD, Norphel came to realise that the water flowing from the Himalayan glaciers down the mountains was changing its patterns and had become erratic. In a region where it almost never rains, and where the population depends 100 percent on glacier water to irrigate wheat and vegetable plantations, these new erratic flow patterns were dramatic.

In the late 1980s, Norphel designed artificial glaciers on the sides of the mountains near Ladakh, which would be exposed to direct sunlight. Tanks placed just off the rivers’ beds, connected to them by channels, would serve as reservoirs of fresh water during spring and summer, and then freeze during the winter, to release again when needed.

At first, neighbours thought the engineers had gone mad.

But when spring and summer came, and the reservoirs melted down and provided a sure, steady flow of water for agriculture, Norphel’s genius was finally recognised. Now he is known as “the ice man”, and greeted with gratitude by local farmers.

Norphel’s story is one of the most vivid examples of how people are coping with climate change in the Himalayas, and at the same time making sustainable development possible.

It is told in the documentary film “Revealed: Himalayan Meltdown”, which was presented June 20 in Rio de Janeiro, as a side event to the U.N. summit on sustainable development, also known as Rio+20.

“I’m happy that my idea was accepted by people, and is helping them now,” Norphel says in the film.

Human-made climate change and global warming are putting the lives of millions of people in Pakistan, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh and China at risk – people who themselves emit almost no greenhouse gases but cannot afford cost-intensive solutions.

The impacts of the Himalayan meltdown are multiple. While the wheat fields of Ladakh suffer from erratic glacial water flows in spring and summer, other regions are confronted with the possibility that the meldown may cause a devastating flood.

This is the case of a new lake called Thortormi in the kingdom of Bhutan, on the southern slopes of Table Mountain near the border with Tibet. It formed from water flowing down from the melting Thortormi glacier, which until some months ago was held in place only by a moraine dam, made up of rocky debris and mud.

Local populations fear that the newborn lake could burst its boundaries, destroy the moraine, and provoke what scientists call glacial lake outburst floods, or GLOF, deadly tsunamis flowing down the mountain. Such a tsunami already happened in 1994, killing at least 21 people and destroying crops and villages.

With the financial and technical support of international organisations such as the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), among others, local populations transformed the moraine into a proper dam.

To that end, some 350 local people, including women and teenagers, worked under extremely difficult conditions to transport tools, stones, and other construction material up the mountain 5,000 metres above. “Himalayan Meltdown” shows the group working knee-deep in glacial water carrying stones and mud to upgrade the dam.

Lake Thortormi is one of the 24 Bhutanese glacial lakes considered unstable. The country has 2,674 such glacial lakes.

In the film, Pradeep Mool, an engineer with the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), based in Kathmandu, Nepal, said that, “Thanks to satellite imagery, it’s possible to identify the most dangerous glaciers. But it’s impossible to say when or where a catastrophe will happen.”

BANGALORE, Jun 21 (TerraViva)

Heads of state and governments are meeting in Rio de Janeiro this week to decide how to renew their pledges made during the first Earth Summit held in Rio in 1992.

The Chikka Sampige tree is revered by the Soligas tribe in the Billigiri Ranga Temple Tiger Reserve as the sister of the 1000 year old Dodda Sampige tree. Credit: Malini Shankar/IPS

The Indian government, with its impressive dossier of legislation on conservation and biodiversity, is at the forefront of negotiations on sustainable development, but a closer look at the country’s involvement in a largely failed attempt to safeguard the earth’s fragile ecosystems suggests that the entire global model is deeply flawed.

The Rio summit 20 years ago appeared to be a valiant effort to involve stakeholders in environmental conservation, poverty eradication, and climate change mitigation through equitable legal responsibilities.

But concepts like the Green Economy and the Convention on Biodiversity agreed upon in 1992 turned out to a clever disguise for profit making at the expense of the environment.

Anil Agarwal, founder-director of the Indian environmental think tank, Centre for Science and Environment, proclaimed back in 1992 that environmental conservation was interwoven with the development paradigm: only if impoverished people are allowed to harness forest resources for their livelihoods can poverty be banished, he averred. Poverty and profits thus became two sides of the same coin in Rio in 1992, and ‘biodiversity’ was another commodity up for grabs.

India followed up on the first Earth summit by enacting the Biodiversity Act and the Forest Rights Act, which gave forest dwelling ecological refugees and third generation indigenous people the right to harvest forest resources for livelihood purposes and granted the right of residence in forests.

Protected Areas like wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, tiger reserves and biosphere reserves were obliged to accommodate forest dwellers.

Following the Stockholm conference of 1972, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi pledged to resuscitate the Royal Bengal tiger’s gene pool, habitat, and wildlife through Project Tiger – an ambitious conservation agenda.

But less than three decades after those promises, 22 tigers were massacred in the premier Sariska Tiger Reserve in India, where impoverished farmers, lacking employment opportunities in forests, avenged the loss of their cattle by conniving with poachers to kill every single tiger in the protected area.

Though tiger reserves have increased in number from 28 to 43 after the Sariska slaughter, “Coexistence (between forest dwellers and wildlife) is a myth and conflict is inevitable,” said Praveen Bhargav of Wildlife First in Bangalore.

“Development is necessary. Resources have to be utilised. But both development and resource utilisation has to be done on a sustainable basis with an eco-friendly model,” said Dr. Suresh Patil, deputy director of the Anthropological Survey of India in Kolkata.

To date, this has not been the case in India.

“The Biodiversity Act (2002) is no more than an emaciated version of the global compact. The Act neither informs nor influences the working of the Forest Act, Forest Conservation Act, Wildlife Protection Act and the Forest Rights Act, legislation that covers over 95 percent of biodiversity in India,” M.K. Ramesh, Professor of Environmental Law at the National Law School of India University in Bangalore told IPS.

National and state level Biodiversity Boards have turned out to be toothless. A case in point was the Biodiversity Board of the state of Karnataka dropping a proposal to notify an island in the Arabian Sea as a sanctuary, despite its rich biodiversity, because the Indian Navy uses the wildlife on this Island for target practise in the name of defence preparedness.

“In short, the lofty ideals (of biodiversity conservation) were lost in translation and the Convention turned out to be an entity sans eyes and sans teeth  – a mere cadaver,” Ramesh lamented.

Now, the same mistakes made in 1992 appear on the brink of being re-enacted. The ‘solutions’ now on the table at Rio involve the same attitude towards biodiversity, conservation and climate change that first put the earth and its natural resources up for sale.

In fact, Ramesh dismissed the concept of carbon credits as no more than “pollution (or) carbon coupons”.

Forest cover

A major question for conservationists is how can poverty rates be reduced if forests, the main source of many people’s livelihoods, are not protected? If forest cover is lost will it not affect monsoons, agriculture, standard of living and food security?

Since the year 2000, India’s forest cover has increased by a mere 1.05 percent, bringing India’s total forest cover to 21.05 percent, according to statistics provided by the office of the Director General of the Forest Survey of India, 12.95 percent short of the requisite for the Indian land mass.

Kudremukh’s cloud forests, located in the Western Ghats, are home to some of the most endangered wildlife in India: tiger, leopard, Malabar civet cat, wild dogs, black panther, sloth bears, elephants, jackals, four types of deer, lion-tailed macaques, langur monkeys, gaur, porcupines, and three varieties of mongoose.

In addition, the area is home to the Indian hare, wild boars, king cobras, Indian pythons, pit vipers, the Malabar Trogon, the Great Pied Hornbill, the Malabar Whistling Thrush, peacock and the Imperial Pigeon.

Three rivers – the Tunga, Bhadra and Netravati – originate from just one cave in the Kudremukh forests.

Yet, despite all that is known about this wildlife-rich forest, it still took an Indian Supreme Court ruling to close down the Kudremukh Iron Ore Company’s mines in 2005.

Seven years after the ruling, the forest has still not been notified as a tiger reserve despite signs that tiger presence is steadily increasing.

Former employees of the mining company are eager to relocate away from the forest in search of new employment opportunities, creating ideal conditions for designating the Kudremukh National Park as a Tiger Reserve – but political will is seriously lacking.

“The human footprint in tiger terrain alienates the tigers’ prey base (or faunal spectrum),” said Dr. Y.V. Jhala, senior Carnivore Biologist at the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).

“Biodiversity loss can be minimised by strictly regulating habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss. Species extinction can be prevented by devising and rigorously implementing species conservation plans including conservation breeding, wherever required,” Dr. V.B. Mathur, dean of the WII, told IPS.

Aquatic habitat in India is also a site of political neglect, with severely depleting fish stocks impacting fisherfolk across the country.

T. V. Ramachandra, limnologist at the Centre for Ecological Sciences at the Indian Institute of Science, told IPS, “Fragmentation of forests in the catchment of aquatic ecosystems, dumping of urban solid wastes, disposal of untreated domestic sewage and industrial effluents contaminate the water bodies.

“These have led to the disappearance of native biodiversity as is evident from disappearance of fish fauna. Streams in the catchment areas have become seasonal due to drastic land cover changes, fragmentation of forests and invasion of weeds,” he added.

Rio+20 should have been an opportunity for captains of industry to combine the economic growth paradigm with proper urban planning, adequate employment opportunities in rural areas, and protection of biodiversity reserves.

Instead it appears to be “the expensive political circus” that Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen warned against during the 2002 Johannesburg summit, which also failed to reach binding agreements on environmental protection.

If the current paradigm persists, the human carbon footprint will erase the tiger’s footprint on the forest floors of Indian reserves and elsewhere.

(END)