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	<title>TERRAVIVA Rio + 20 &#187; Op-Eds</title>
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		<title>Rio+20 Is Not a Failure</title>
		<link>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/rio20-is-not-a-failure/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/rio20-is-not-a-failure/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 22 Jun 2012 15:06:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Civil Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Environment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geen Economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gender Equality]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Headlines]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Op-Eds]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Don de Silva]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/?p=1670</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[By Don de Silva* RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 22 (TerraViva) I disagree with the branding of Rio+20 as an abject &#8220;failure&#8221;. As a returnee from the 1992 Earth Summit, I have mixed views about the conference, some positive. Even former political leaders have joined the chorus of disappointment. Gro Harlem Brundtland, former prime minister of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By Don de Silva*</p>
<p>RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 22 (TerraViva) I disagree with the branding of Rio+20 as an abject &#8220;failure&#8221;. As a returnee from the 1992 Earth Summit, I have mixed views about the conference, some positive.<span id="more-1670"></span></p>
<p><div id="attachment_1671" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 261px"><a href="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/don_de_silva_350.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-1671" title="Don de Silva" src="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/don_de_silva_350.jpg" alt="" width="251" height="350" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Don de Silva</p></div>
<p>Even former political leaders have joined the chorus of disappointment.</p>
<p>Gro Harlem Brundtland, former prime minister of Norway, has said, &#8220;The Rio+20 declaration does not do enough to set humanity on a sustainable path, decades after it was agreed that this is essential for both people and the planet. I understand the frustration in Rio today.&#8221;</p>
<p>Mary Robinson, former president of Ireland has said: &#8220;This is a &#8216;once in a generation&#8217; moment when the world needs vision, commitment and above all, leadership. Sadly, the current document is a failure of leadership.&#8221;</p>
<p>Both world renowned and distinguished leaders raise important points. But blame and finger-pointing comes easy.</p>
<p>Are the civil society movements so blasé as to expect governments, many with scant respect for human rights or the environment, to suddenly come up with radical agreements and then cough up the billions to implement action?</p>
<p>Did they not look into what happened immediately after the creation of the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1972? Or the follow-up to the 1992 Rio summit?</p>
<p>According to British government records unearthed by the New Scientist, the ambitious aims of UNEP were held in cheque by the activities of the Brussels group, which included Britain, the U.S., Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and France, while they piously preached about the environment.</p>
<p>The group was &#8220;an unofficial policy-making body to concert the views of the principal governments concerned&#8221;, according to a note of one of the group&#8217;s first meetings, held in 1971, written by a civil servant in the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office.</p>
<p>Instead of making generalised statements damning all countries, is it not possible for the members of the civil society groups and concerned leaders to name and shame those who have watered down texts, and strengthen the hand of negotiators who wanted to effect change?</p>
<p>At a fringe meeting, Gro Harlem Brundtland lamented the omission of women&#8217;s reproductive rights in the final document. It is surprising that the full force of the civil society movement was not mobilised to stop this from happening.</p>
<p>Holier-than-thou non-governmental organisations need to turn the searchlight inwards to see if they are really the paragons of virtue they claim to be. Getting two environmental NGOs to work together at times is a daunting task. Some are neither civil nor societies, and can be &#8220;some peoples&#8217;&#8221; movements.</p>
<p>At Rio+20, businesses came of age. An &#8220;extraordinary&#8221; group of leaders, calling themselves &#8220;Friends of Rio&#8221;, from across business, NGOs, trade unions and scientific institutions have banded together to find a new path towards sustainable development.</p>
<p>Their message is pretty clear: we cannot leave the future of the planet only to politicians.</p>
<p>Failure of leadership? The 2010 United Nations Conference on Climate Change (COP16), which took place in Copenhagen, was a political disaster. By contrast, Rio+20 has produced an agreement, a combined effort of the passionate and plain-speaking Sha Zukang, secretary general of Rio+20, and the Brazilian government.</p>
<p>Rio+20 has witnessed the emergence of a new leadership from countries like Brazil and China. Yes, polluters must pay for past and present inequities. But developing countries will have to wait forever if they think that the debt-ridden, austerity-laden Western nations will put up the money.</p>
<p>To argue about a lack of funds is laughable. In 2011, global military spending amounted to 1.74 trillion dollars. Disarmament is a necessary condition for sustainable development. This spending is not mentioned in the final text.</p>
<p>Some 50,000 protesters in Rio claimed that the green economy is a wolf in sheep&#8217;s clothing. This need not be the case. The shift to a green economy can be used to bring paradigm shifts in thinking and living, beyond anything that we have witnessed so far.</p>
<p>A relentless and sustained united action by thousands of environmental NGOs throughout the world – a green Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter – will and can move mountains.</p>
<p>Don de Silva is a journalist and environmentalist. He is co-ordinator of UNEP&#8217;s Regional Information Programmes and has worked with several NGOs to initiate and manage advocacy programmes for sustainable development. He can be contacted at dondes@changeways.net</p>
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		<title>Rio+20 and Beyond: Together for a Sustainable Future</title>
		<link>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/rio20-and-beyond-together-for-a-sustainable-future/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/rio20-and-beyond-together-for-a-sustainable-future/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 18 Jun 2012 18:33:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Agriculture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Climate Change]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[food]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hunger]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[José Graziano da Silva]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[United Nations]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/?p=989</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[By José Graziano da Silva* RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 18 (TerraViva) As stated in the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and the 1992 Earth Summit, human beings are at the centre of sustainable development.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By José Graziano da Silva*</p>
<p>RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 18 (TerraViva) As stated in the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and the 1992 Earth Summit, human beings are at the centre of sustainable development.<span id="more-989"></span></p>
<div id="attachment_990" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 330px"><a href="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/da_silva.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-990" title="José Graziano da Silva. Credit: FAO/Alessandra Benedetti" src="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/da_silva.jpg" alt="" width="320" height="213" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">José Graziano da Silva. Credit: FAO/Alessandra Benedetti</p></div>
<p>However, even today, over 900 million people still suffer from hunger. Poor populations worldwide, especially in rural areas, are among those most vulnerable to the food, climate, financial, economic, social and energy crises and threats the world faces today.</p>
<p>We cannot call development sustainable while this situation persists, while nearly one out of every seven men, women and children are left behind, victims of undernourishment. It would be a contradiction in terms.</p>
<p>Hunger and extreme poverty also exclude the possibility of sustainable development because the hungry and extremely poor need to make use of the resources they have at hand in whatever way they can to make ends meet. For people who are chronically hungry and malnourished, meeting their immediate needs is their paramount concern – planning for the future is often a luxury they cannot afford.</p>
<p>Paradoxically, over 70 percent of the world&#8217;s hungry people depend on agriculture, fisheries and forestry for at least part of their livelihoods, so their daily choices also help determine how the world&#8217;s natural resources are managed.</p>
<p>We cannot expect a poor farmer not to chop down a tree for fuel if he doesn&#8217;t have another source of energy; we cannot ask an artisanal fisherman not to fish during spawning time if that&#8217;s the only way to feed his family.</p>
<p>Hunger puts in motion a vicious cycle of reduced productivity, deepening poverty, slow economic development, resource degradation and violence. Hunger and natural resources are increasingly a factor of internal conflicts and conflicts between nations. Even when they are internal, their impacts frequently surpass the borders of countries. So, there is also a direct link between food security and security.</p>
<p>The quest for food security can be the common thread that links the different challenges we face and helps build a sustainable future. At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) we have the golden opportunity to explore the convergence between the agendas of food security and sustainability to ensure that happens.</p>
<p>Both require changes towards more sustainable production and consumption models. To feed a growing population that is expected to top the nine billion mark in 2050, FAO projects the need to increase agricultural output by at least 60 percent in the next decades. To do so, we must save and grow – increasing agricultural production while preserving the environment.</p>
<p>But even then the pressure on our natural resources will be extreme. So we must also change the way we eat and find ways to feed the world without the need to produce as much.</p>
<p>We can do this by changing to healthier diets in the richer segments of our population and by diminishing the food loss and waste that exist in industrialised and developing countries, and that make us throw away 1.3 billion tonnes of food every year, between production and consumption.</p>
<p>However, even if we do increase agricultural output by 60 percent, the world would still have 300 million people hungry in 2050 because, like the hundreds of millions today, they would still lack the means to access the food they need. For them, food security is not an issue of insufficient production; it is an issue of inadequate access.</p>
<p>The only way to ensure their food security is by creating decent jobs, paying better wages, giving them more access to productive assets- specially land and water- and distributing income in a more equitable way.</p>
<p>We must bring them into society, complementing support to smallholders and income generation opportunities with the strengthening of safety nets, cash for work and cash transfer programmes that contribute to strengthening of local production and consumption circuits, in an effort that must contribute to our sustainable development goals.</p>
<p>The transition to a sustainable future also requires fundamental changes in the governance of food and agriculture and an equitable sharing of the transition costs and benefits. In the past, the poorer have paid a greater share of transition costs and received a smaller share of benefits.</p>
<p>This is an unacceptable balance and one that needs to change. The speed of change should also be our concern, so that the vulnerable population can adapt and be part of the changes instead of widening the gaps that exist today.</p>
<p>Eradicating hunger and improving human nutrition, creating sustainable food consumption and production systems, and building more inclusive and effective governance of agricultural and food systems are at the heart of achieving a sustainable world.</p>
<p>As world leaders meet for Rio+20, we are at a crossroads. In one direction is the path to further environmental degradation and human suffering; in the other direction lies the future we all want. The Rio summit offers a historic opportunity we cannot afford to miss.</p>
<p>We know how to end hunger and manage the earth&#8217;s resources in a more sustainable way. But we need a stronger political will to do it.</p>
<p>We should look to Rio+20 as the beginning of a new process and not the finish line. And it&#8217;s a path that we cannot travel alone.</p>
<p>Sustainable development, as is the case of ending hunger, is a goal to which every one of us must contribute – citizens, companies, governments, social movements, civil society, non-governmental organisations and regional and international bodies and institutions.</p>
<p>Together, working from the local to the global level, we can build the future we want. And this future needs to start today.</p>
<p>*<em>José Graziano da Silva is Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO).</em></p>
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		<title>Children Will Live the Future We Are Making</title>
		<link>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/children-will-live-the-future-we-are-making/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/children-will-live-the-future-we-are-making/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Jun 2012 18:12:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Development]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Khaled Mansour]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UNICEF]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/?p=668</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[By Khaled Mansour* UNITED NATIONS, Jun 15 (TerraViva) With more than seven billion people on the planet, the international community should ask in Rio de Janeiro what sustainable development means for the world&#8217;s 2.2 billion children. After all, the future we want, and are making, will be theirs and their children&#8217;s to live. And it [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By Khaled Mansour*</p>
<p>UNITED NATIONS, Jun 15 (TerraViva) With more than seven billion people on the planet, the international community should ask in Rio de Janeiro what sustainable development means for the world&#8217;s 2.2 billion children.<span id="more-668"></span></p>
<p>After all, the future we want, and are making, will be theirs and their children&#8217;s to live. And it should be more equitable.</p>
<div id="attachment_671" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 242px"><a href="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Khaled_Mansour_3502.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-671" title="*Khaled Mansour is Director of Communications at UNICEF in New York." src="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Khaled_Mansour_3502.jpg" alt="" width="232" height="350" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Khaled Mansour. Credit: UNICEF</p></div>
<p>Sustainable development is about actively recognising, understanding and acting on the interconnections between the economy, society and the natural environment.</p>
<p>Progress in recent decades has been unprecedented in reducing child mortality and poverty, bringing more children to school, and improving access to drinking water. Yet these improvements have not translated into equitable development.</p>
<p>For example, a recent UNICEF study showed that disparities between the richest and poorest 20 percent of the population in 18 of 26 countries reviewed did not decline despite a significant decrease in mortality rates for all children. Averages are masking a story of inequality.</p>
<p>It is not enough for UNICEF simply to argue that children must be at the heart of what sustainable development produces. The daunting task ahead for leaders is to extend development gains and reach all families. Stark disparities remain or are widening and are putting the poorest communities in many countries consistently at a disadvantage.</p>
<p>This is a time when the development landscape is changing – and not only because of the global economic crisis. The changes were evident at last year&#8217;s forum in Busan on aid effectiveness and are ever more apparent as the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio approaches.</p>
<p>Addressing this new landscape, the U.N. secretary general has called for establishing sustainable development goals that build on the current Millennium Development Goals and &#8220;lay the foundations for dynamic economic growth, respect for the planet and social equity&#8221;.</p>
<p>Discussions at Rio on the post-MDG agenda could potentially help shift how the international community thinks about development and growth.</p>
<p>The need for this shift is evident in the intersection of the food, financial and economic crises and natural disasters of the last few years, which all contribute to a lack of stability and security at various levels. Equitable investment in social sectors, such as health and education, actually promotes social and political stability and builds resilience to future shocks.</p>
<p>A recent International Monetary Fund staff discussion note shows that as societies become more equitable, economic growth is more sustainable over time. In fact, it found that a 10 percentile decrease in inequality increases the expected length of a growth spell by 50 percent.</p>
<p>Brazil and Indonesia are examples of this – these countries have been able to weather the global recession better than others. Furthermore, Bangladesh&#8217;s improved response to natural disasters has been attributed in part to its more diversified economy, its poverty reduction programmes and its efforts to support remote, disadvantaged communities in disaster-prone areas.</p>
<p>And the returns on investing in children are easy to see. One extra year of schooling for girls can increase their future wages by between 10 and 20 percent – wages that they as women, more than men, reinvest in their families, kick-starting a cycle of opportunity and prosperity.</p>
<p>The World Bank estimates that investing in nutrition can increase a country&#8217;s GDP by at least two to three percent. Given the impact of nutrition on health, wellbeing and development, UNICEF is redoubling our efforts at both global and country level to reduce under-nutrition and stunting.</p>
<p>More equitable and sustainable development is feasible, morally correct and wise. It safeguards children&#8217;s rights. Investing equitably in children breaks the inter-generational transmission of poverty, creates more stable societies and contributes to sustainable growth.</p>
<p>Such an approach begins with directing scarce resources to where they can have the greatest impact: to children facing deprivations due to poverty, gender, geographical location or any of a number of dis¬criminatory barriers.</p>
<p>Ultimately, the guiding principle of children&#8217;s rights can be put into practice through a socially equitable approach to sustainable development. In other words, for development to be indeed sustainable and to benefit the generations to come – the children of today – it must be equitable.</p>
<p>*Khaled Mansour is Director of Communications at UNICEF in New York.</p>
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		<title>Brazil and Leadership Needed at Rio+20</title>
		<link>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/brazil-and-the-leadership-needed-at-rio20/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/brazil-and-the-leadership-needed-at-rio20/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Jun 2012 04:47:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Development]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Forest Code]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marcelo Furtado]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/?p=640</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[By Marcelo Furtado RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 15 (TerraViva) The rise of Brazil and other emerging economies is one of the major changes since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. With power comes responsibility. ]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By Marcelo Furtado *</p>
<p>RIO DE JANEIRO, Jun 15 (TerraViva) &#8211; The rise of Brazil and other emerging economies is one of the major changes since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. With power comes responsibility. <span id="more-640"></span>Rather than policy paralysis and yet more talk, there are several pressing economic, social and environmental challenges that demand important decisions be made this month as the world meets in Rio.</p>
<div id="attachment_642" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 529px"><a href="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Dilma-Claudius-reducida11.jpg"><img class=" wp-image-642" title="Dilma Claudius reducida1" src="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Dilma-Claudius-reducida11.jpg" alt="" width="519" height="488" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Credit: Claudius</p></div>
<p>For too long now, government and business leaders have dealt with economic problems in an old fashioned way, such as financing “business as usual“ sectors – policies that have only lead to further social and environmental unrest.</p>
<p>But there has been a global shift in power since governments met for the Rio Earth Summit 20 years ago.</p>
<p>Countries such as Brazil, China, India, and South Africa (the BASIC countries) have gained in economic and political power in the past 20 years – a development offering hope for global policy change.</p>
<p>Though poverty still exists, the BASIC countries are in many ways doing better than their &#8216;highly industrialised&#8217; counterparts: there is high unemployment in Madrid and full employment in São Paulo. A recession grips Britain, while China continues to grow.</p>
<p>The BASIC countries are now requesting more political clout where global power is discussed – and they are right to do so.</p>
<p>Among these new economic powerhouses, Brazil holds a special place. Perhaps no other country in the world has the means – financial stability, a mature democracy and the right environmental assets – to implement a path of sustainability and prosperity.</p>
<p>In this new world order though, countries like Brazil cannot just demand action from the rest of the world. It must also answer the question of what the world can expect from Brazil. With power comes responsibilty.</p>
<p>Crucially, Brazil exemplifies the dilemma we are all facing: economic development versus sustainability.</p>
<p>In 2012, it became the world’s sixth largest economy and for much of the past decade has been rightly praised as a global leader in sustainable development for simultaneously reducing deforestation and further bridging the gap between the rich and poor.</p>
<p>These achievements, however, are under threat. In May, President Dilma Rousseff failed to fully veto a new Forest Code law which offers amnesty to forest criminals and reopens the Amazon for destruction.</p>
<p>Nearly 80% of Brazilians opposed the harmful Forest Code changes and citizens from Brazil and around the world called on Rousseff to entirely veto the law and commit to achieve Zero Deforestation in the Amazon by 2015. She did neither.</p>
<p>This was not the leadership that Brazil should be showing. During Rio, Greenpeace will be calling on the people of Brazil to make their call for Zero Deforestation so loud that Rousseff must agree.</p>
<p>Another area where it still can show leadership is in the decisions Brazil makes regarding the country’s oil reserves in the next decade.</p>
<p>If Brazil goes ahead with its planned pre-salt oil development, it will be among the five largest oil producers in the world by 2020, with oil-related emissions at the same level as those coming from deforestation today.</p>
<p>Currently, Brazil’s energy mix – though far from perfect, given its reliance on large hydro and nuclear power – is one of the least carbon intensive in the world.</p>
<p>So if the country was to invest the money that currently goes into deforestation and oil exploration into zero deforestation and a renewable energy revolution, it could deliver clean energy for all, a thriving Amazon rainforest and decent green jobs.</p>
<p>This would be true leadership – leadership the world needs to see.</p>
<p>As a Brazilian, I expect my country to live up to its global responsibility at Rio+20. As host of the summit, Brazil should not hide behind the difficulty of reaching global consensus, but take the lead in showing the world that a just, clean and green economy is possible.</p>
<p>The world we want is possible, and Brazil can show the leadership we need to make it happen.</p>
<p>* Executive Director of Greenpeace Brazil. (END/2012)</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>Putting Resilience at the Heart of Development</title>
		<link>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/putting-resilience-at-the-heart-of-development/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/putting-resilience-at-the-heart-of-development/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 09 Jun 2012 00:41:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/?p=197</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The world's population today is healthier, wealthier, and better educated than ever before. Yet, despite incredible progress, disconcerting realities stubbornly persist.]]></description>
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<p>By Helen Clark*</p>
<p>UNITED NATIONS, June 8, 2012 (IPS) &#8211; The world&#8217;s population today is healthier, wealthier, and better educated than ever before. Yet, despite incredible progress, disconcerting realities stubbornly persist.<span id="more-197"></span></p>
<p>Many people still live in extreme poverty, even where economies are growing rapidly. Over 20 percent of the world&#8217;s population lives in states which are considered fragile and highly vulnerable.</p>
<div id="attachment_198" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 240px"><a href="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Helen_clark_UN2.jpg"><img class=" wp-image-198" title="Helen_clark_UN" src="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Helen_clark_UN2.jpg" alt="" width="230" height="344" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">UNDP Administrator Helen Clark Credit: UN Photo/Jean-Marc Ferré</p></div>
<p>Global economic and financial systems remain volatile. Armed violence and organised criminal networks are a growing threat to human security in many countries. Women continue to face serious barriers to real empowerment. Our planetary boundaries are being stretched to the limit.</p>
<p>As the world&#8217;s population increases from the current seven billion people to a projected almost nine billion in 2040, and if current consumption and production patterns continue, this stress on our planet and its resources will undoubtedly increase.</p>
<p>Therefore, when world leaders come together in Rio de Janeiro in June to discuss sustainable development, resilience must be an important part of the discussion.</p>
<p>Achieving development which lasts is not about trading economic, social, and environmental objectives off against each other. It is about seeing them as interconnected objectives which are best pursued together.</p>
<p>Resilience cannot be built overnight. It takes time. But it is our best chance of locking in progress made to date, and advancing equitable and sustainable human development.</p>
<p>Resilience implies the inherent capacity of a system to deal with any external shock, no matter how well anticipated or how surprising it is.</p>
<p>For the UN Development Programme (UNDP), achieving resilience is a transformative process which builds on the innate strength of individuals, their communities, and institutions to prevent, lessen the impacts of, and learn from the experience of shocks of any type, internal or external, natural or man-made, economic, health-related, political, or social.</p>
<p>In 2000, Mozambique was battered by cyclone-related flooding, which left 800 people dead, half a million people homeless, and disrupted the livelihoods of over one million more, affecting 4.5 million people in total.</p>
<p>Fast forward to 2007 when floods of similar magnitudes again hit Mozambique. This time the death toll was 29 people compared to 800 people and the numbers displaced were some 70,000 compared to one million. When Mozambique was hit for the second time, the society was much more prepared, disaster risk had been addressed in a more comprehensive manner, and the government had provided leadership and articulated a clear strategic vision.</p>
<p>The international community stepped in to provide support for institutional, policy, and capacity development. Community and livelihood risk reduction programmes were initiated, and emergency response systems strengthened. Civil society organisations and the Red Cross movement worked with local governments and the U.N. on community-based preparedness.</p>
<p>The key lesson from Mozambique&#8217;s experience is that when societies invest time in learning from adversity, they become better prepared to face it in the future. State institutions and local governance structures were better prepared and had more coherent response strategies.</p>
<p>Self-help efforts by communities played vital roles in saving more lives than any external intervention could have done. The society took far less time to self-organise and recover.</p>
<p>In building resilience, the first priority must be prevention, complemented by explicit efforts to reduce societal vulnerabilities and a commitment to maintain the integrity of communities, institutions, and ecosystems.</p>
<p>Building resilience benefits from governance which is active, effective, honest, and fair, and not just in developing countries. As the recent financial crisis showed, not all developed countries have retained systemic resilience to economic shocks. Unless developed countries are prepared to see years of human development and progress wiped away when adversity strikes, their systemic resilience to shocks is critical as well.</p>
<p>Institutions &#8211; particularly structures and systems of governance &#8211; provide frameworks for building resilience. When state institutions fail to guarantee access to justice and a functioning public service, and cannot provide an enabling environment in which people can flourish, communities become more vulnerable to the criminal or other violent entities which will fill any void.</p>
<p>State fragility is a function of not only weak institutions but also of social systems under strain. A resilient state is anchored in a cohesive society. Stark inequalities and inequities undermine that.</p>
<p>Sustainable development based on resilience also calls for developing the capacity of the poor to overcome challenges, and should be guided by a commitment to national ownership, comprehensive and integrated responses, innovation and learning, and long-term strategic engagement.</p>
<p>Building social protection systems is an important investment in resilience, as they shield the most vulnerable from the worst effects of shocks and help prevent irreversible development setbacks. These are the steps many nations we now call developed took in the 1930s and 1940s.</p>
<p>The costs of an adequate social protection floor are one to two percent of GDP. Yet, currently, only around 20 percent of the world&#8217;s working age population &#8211; mostly in middle- and upper- income countries &#8211; has access to comprehensive social protection systems.</p>
<p>Resilient societies also those with a capacity for dialogue which can amicably mediate differences. They exhibit social and civic trust &#8211; thus enabling people to feel included and encouraged to work together.</p>
<p>It takes hard work to establish these attributes in any society. It is even more difficult to do so in those wrecked by conflict and violence. Yet, without such capacities for tolerance, fragility can overwhelm the institutions and systems of a society.</p>
<p><strong>*</strong> <em>Helen Clark is Administrator of the U.N. Development Programme (UNDP) and former Prime Minister of New Zealand. ((END)</em></p>
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		<title>La resiliencia es la base del desarrollo</title>
		<link>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/la-resiliencia-es-la-base-del-desarrollo/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/la-resiliencia-es-la-base-del-desarrollo/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 09 Jun 2012 00:33:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/?p=190</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[La población mundial es hoy más sana, más rica y mejor educada que nunca antes. Pero con estos avances increíbles aún conviven realidades desconcertantes.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por Helen Clark *</p>
<p>NACIONES UNIDAS, jun (IPS) &#8211; La población mundial es hoy más sana, más rica y mejor educada que nunca antes. Pero con estos avances increíbles aún conviven realidades desconcertantes.<span id="more-190"></span></p>
<p>Mucha gente todavía vive en la pobreza extrema, incluso en economías que crecen rápidamente. Alrededor de 20 por ciento de la población del planeta reside en estados frágiles y muy vulnerables.</p>
<div id="attachment_191" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 243px"><a href="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Helen_clark_UN.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-191" title="Helen_clark_UN" src="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Helen_clark_UN.jpg" alt="" width="233" height="350" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Helen Clark, administradora del PNUD. Crédito: UN Photo/Jean-Marc Ferré</p></div>
<p>La economía mundial y los sistemas financieros siguen inestables. La violencia armada y las redes del crimen organizado son una amenaza cada vez mayor para la seguridad humana en muchos países. Las mujeres continúan enfrentando serias barreras para su verdadero empoderamiento. Y estamos llegando a los límites de nuestro planeta.</p>
<p>A medida que la población mundial aumenta de los actuales 7.000 millones de habitantes a casi 9.000 millones proyectados para 2040, y que se mantienen nuestros patrones actuales de consumo y producción, aumenta la presión sobre el planeta y sus recursos.</p>
<p>Por lo tanto, cuando los gobernantes internacionales se reúnan en junio en Río de Janeiro para debatir sobre desarrollo sustentable, la resiliencia deberá ser parte importante del diálogo.</p>
<p>Lograr un desarrollo duradero no es contraponer objetivos económicos, sociales y ambientales, sino verlos como objetivos interconectados que se alcanzan mejor en conjunto.</p>
<p>La resiliencia no puede crearse de la noche a la mañana. Lleva tiempo. Pero es nuestra mejor posibilidad de fijar los avances logrados hasta ahora y de promover un desarrollo humano equitativo y sostenible.</p>
<p>La resiliencia es la capacidad inherente de un sistema de hacer frente a cualquier conmoción externa, sin importar cuán previsible o sorprendente sea.</p>
<p>Para el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), la resiliencia es un proceso transformador que se construye sobre la fortaleza innata de los individuos, sus comunidades y las instituciones, para prevenir y reducir los impactos, así como para aprender de la experiencia de conmociones de cualquier tipo, internas o externas, naturales o creados por el ser humano, económicas, sanitarias, políticas o sociales.</p>
<p>En 2000, Mozambique quedó maltrecho por una inundación causada por un ciclón, que dejó 800 muertos y medio millón de personas sin techo, y alteró los medios de vida de un millón más, afectando en total a 4,5 millones de personas.</p>
<p>En 2007, cuando inundaciones de similar magnitud volvieron a azotar Mozambique, hubo 29 muertos, no 800. Y los desplazados fueron 70.000, no un millón.</p>
<p>Cuando el país fue golpeado por segunda vez, la sociedad estaba mucho más preparada, se había abordado exhaustivamente el riesgo de desastres y el gobierno había ejercido conducción y articulado una visión estratégica clara.</p>
<p>La comunidad internacional intervino para brindar apoyo al desarrollo institucional, político y de capacidades.</p>
<p>Se iniciaron programas comunitarios y para minimizar el peligro de que se pierdan los medios de subsistencia, y se fortalecieron los sistemas de respuesta a las emergencias. Entidades de la sociedad civil y la Cruz Roja trabajaron con los gobiernos locales y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) en una preparación centrada en la comunidad.</p>
<p>La lección clave que dejó la experiencia de Mozambique es que, cuando las sociedades invierten tiempo en aprender de las adversidades, están mejor preparadas para enfrentarlas en el futuro.</p>
<p>Los esfuerzos de cooperación dentro de las propias comunidades tuvieron un papel mucho más importante para salvar vidas que cualquier intervención externa. A la sociedad le llevó mucho menos tiempo organizarse y recuperarse.</p>
<p>Al crear resiliencia, la prioridad debe ser la prevención, complementada con esfuerzos explícitos para reducir las vulnerabilidades sociales y el compromiso de mantener la integridad de las comunidades, las instituciones y los ecosistemas.</p>
<p>La creación de resiliencia se beneficia de una gobernanza activa, efectiva, franca y justa, y no solo en el mundo en desarrollo. Como mostró la reciente crisis financiera, no todos los países industrializados demostraron una resiliencia sistémica ante las conmociones económicas.</p>
<p>A menos que los países industrializados estén dispuestos a ver cómo la adversidad echa por la borda años de desarrollo y progreso humano, es crucial que desarrollen una resiliencia sistémica a las conmociones.</p>
<p>Las instituciones –particularmente las estructuras y sistemas de gobernanza– brindan marcos para desarrollar resiliencia.</p>
<p>Cuando las instituciones estatales no garantizan el acceso a la justicia y a un servicio público que funcione, y no pueden asegurar un entorno en el que las personas puedan prosperar, las comunidades se vuelven más vulnerables a grupos criminales y violentos, que llenarán cualquier vacío.</p>
<p>La fragilidad del Estado no solo es reflejo de instituciones débiles, sino también de sistemas sociales bajo presión. Un Estado resiliente está anclado en una sociedad cohesiva. Y las desigualdades pronunciadas van en contra de esta cohesión.</p>
<p>El desarrollo sostenible basado en la resiliencia también exige cultivar la capacidad de los pobres para superar desafíos, y debería estar pautado por un compromiso con la propiedad nacional, respuestas amplias e integradas, innovación y aprendizaje, y participación estratégica a largo plazo.</p>
<p>Crear sistemas de protección social es una inversión importante en resiliencia, pues defienden a los más vulnerables de los peores efectos de las conmociones y ayudan a prevenir retrocesos de desarrollo. Estos son los pasos que en los años 30 y 40 dieron muchas naciones que ahora llamamos industrializadas.</p>
<p>Los costos de un piso adecuado de protección social son de entre uno y dos por ciento del producto interno bruto (PIB). Pero actualmente apenas 20 por ciento de la población mundial en edad de trabajar –principalmente en los países de ingresos medios y altos– tienen acceso a sistemas amplios de protección social.</p>
<p>Las sociedades resilientes son también las que tienen una capacidad de diálogo que permite mediar diferencias con cordialidad. Exhiben confianza social y cívica, lo que hace que la población se sienta incluida y alentada a participar.</p>
<p>Establecer estos atributos constituye un arduo trabajo para cualquier país. Y hacerlo es aún más difícil en aquellas devastadas por conflictos y violencia. Pero sin esa capacidad para la tolerancia, la fragilidad puede abrumar las instituciones y sistemas de una sociedad.</p>
<p>*Helen Clark es administradora del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y ex primera ministra de Nueva Zelanda.  (FIN/2012)</p>
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		<title>A crise ambiental e a economia estão interligadas</title>
		<link>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/a-crise-ambiental-e-a-economia-estao-interligadas/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 04 Jun 2012 18:10:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Development]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Maurice Strong* PEQUIM, China, 4 de junho de 2012, (IPS) &#8211; (Tierramérica).- Paradoxalmente, se não se atuar com decisão para frear a mudança climática, a redução das emissões de gases-estufa poderá ocorrer pelo colapso da economia mundial, alerta neste artigo Maurice Strong. Aproxima-se a Rio+20, a Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável que, entre [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Maurice Strong*</p>
<p>PEQUIM, China, 4 de junho de 2012, (IPS) &#8211; (Tierramérica).- Paradoxalmente, se não se atuar com decisão para frear a mudança climática, a redução das emissões de gases-estufa poderá ocorrer pelo colapso da economia mundial, alerta neste artigo Maurice Strong.</p>
<p><span id="more-275"></span></p>
<div id="attachment_276" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 210px"><img class="size-full wp-image-276" title="Crédito: Claudius/IPS" src="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/580_binoculares_Claudius.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="148" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Crédito: Claudius/IPS</p></div>
<p>Aproxima-se a Rio+20, a Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável que, entre 20 e 22 deste mês, continuará uma tarefa iniciada há 40 anos, decisiva para a sustentabilidade global. A primeira conferência mundial sobre meio ambiente, realizada em Estocolmo em 1972, introduziu a questão ambiental na agenda internacional.</p>
<p>A preparação passou por várias dificuldades, entre outras o temor dos países em desenvolvimento de que a preservação do meio ambiente fosse usada pelas nações ricas para desviar os recursos e a atenção dos temas do desenvolvimento e da eliminação da pobreza, para eles prioritários. Os países em desenvolvimento ameaçaram boicotar a Conferência e reclamaram que os desenvolvidos lhes concederam novos recursos financeiros em troca de participar da cooperação ambiental.</p>
<p>Estocolmo foi a primeira conferência da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) na qual a China interveio após seu pleno ingresso no fórum mundial, enquanto União Soviética e outros países comunistas a boicotaram por ter sido impedida a participação da República Democrática Alemã.</p>
<p>A mudança climática foi um dos principais assuntos tratados, e desde então passou a ser alta prioridade para a comunidade internacional, por meio do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente (Pnuma). A Declaração de Princípios e o Plano de Ação aprovados em Estocolmo superaram as expectativas. Estocolmo levou à criação do Pnuma, em dezembro de 1972. Também impulsionou a criação de ministérios ou direções de temas ambientais em muitos países.</p>
<p>Desde o início houve várias tentativas de limitar o impacto do Pnuma. O Grupo de Bruxelas, formado por Grã-Bretanha, Estados Unidos, Alemanha, Itália, Bélgica, Holanda e França, foi convocado &#8211; segundo nota escrita por um diplomata britânico &#8211; &#8220;para elaborar e concertar políticas de acordo com os pontos de vista dos principais governos interessados&#8221;.</p>
<p>Esses países apoiaram a criação do Pnuma, mas trabalharam nos bastidores para que não se convertesse em uma organização influente. Tentaram limitar o apoio financeiro de modo a ter um pessoal reduzido. Apesar disso e da localização de sua sede em Nairóbi, o Pnuma foi capaz de recrutar um pessoal de extrema experiência e competência. De sua Junta de Coordenação para o Meio Ambiente participaram os diretores de diversas organizações da ONU, do Banco Mundial e do Fundo Monetário Internacional, o que era necessário para tornar efetiva a função de coordenação do Programa. Infelizmente, a junta foi em seguida substituída por uma comissão de menor nível.</p>
<p>Agora, a Rio+20 deve apoiar a ascensão do Pnuma à categoria de agência especializada, o que poderia levar à criação da já proposta Organização Mundial para o Meio Ambiente. A Rio+20 deve se basear na Carta da Terra.</p>
<p>O novo rumo reclamado no Rio em 1992 exige mudanças econômicas radicais &#8211; uma verdadeira revolução &#8211; que deveriam ser encabeçadas pelos mesmos países, na maioria ocidentais, que dominaram a economia mundial durante o período no qual se infligiu um dano acumulativo aos sistemas que são o sustento da vida na Terra, seus preciosos recursos biológicos e seu clima. Esses países monopolizaram os benefícios econômicos nesse período.</p>
<p>A Rio+20 deve reforçar a atenção na biodiversidade biológica, que é o objetivo da Década da Biodiversidade, e, em consequência, deve promover ações específicas para proteger os recursos essenciais para a sustentabilidade global. A experiência ensina que os países de maior êxito na preservação do meio ambiente também são &#8211; como o Japão &#8211; os mais eficientes no manejo de suas economias e na economia de energia e recursos naturais. A Rio+20 deve aprovar programas especiais de assistência às nações em desenvolvimento que desejarem elevar a eficiência de suas economias.</p>
<p>Nada é mais importante para o futuro humano do que se contrapor à mudança climática. No entanto, a vontade política para atuar de maneira cooperativa e decidida neste terreno diminuiu perigosamente. A Rio+20 deve redobrar os esforços para chegar a um acordo sobre a renovação e aplicação da Convenção Marco das Nações Unidas sobre a Mudança Climática. Paradoxalmente, se não agirmos, a redução das emissões globais de gases-estufa poderá ocorrer pelo colapso da economia mundial.</p>
<p>Seguramente, a crise ambiental e as crises econômica e financeira têm a mesma origem: as deficiências de nosso sistema econômico. Apenas uma visão esclarecida de nosso próprio interesse na segurança e sustentabilidade da vida poderá induzir os países mais desenvolvidos a aceitarem a responsabilidade que lhes cabe para realizar as mudanças necessárias. O mundo em desenvolvimento também deve contribuir, mas suas responsabilidades são de magnitude inferior.</p>
<p>O conceito de responsabilidades compartilhadas, mas diferenciadas, deverá ser fortemente reforçado na Rio+20. As crescentes desigualdades no desfrute dos benefícios do crescimento econômico continuam ampliando a brecha entre ricos e pobres em todos os países, inclusive na China, a nação que tirou mais gente da pobreza. Desta forma, é minada a perspectiva de se permitir que os pobres e os desfavorecidos compartilhem equitativamente os benefícios do desenvolvimento sustentável e é fomentado um mal-estar social que se manifesta em todo o planeta.</p>
<p>* <em>Maurice Strong foi secretário-geral da Cúpula da Terra em 1992 e primeiro diretor-executivo do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente (Pnuma). Atualmente é assessor especial do secretário-geral da Rio+20. Direitos exclusivos IPS.</em></p>
<p>(FIN/2012)</p>
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		<title>Rio+20 é a conferência de todos</title>
		<link>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/rio20-e-a-conferencia-de-todos/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/rio20-e-a-conferencia-de-todos/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Jun 2012 18:20:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Development]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Sha Zukang]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Sha Zukang* Nações Unidas, 1/6/2012, (IPS) &#8211; A Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Rio+20), que acontecerá de 20 a 22 de junho no Rio de Janeiro, é uma oportunidade única em uma geração Mais de 135 chefes de Estado e de governo, e mais de 50 mil participantes no total, incluindo executivos de [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sha Zukang*</p>
<p>Nações Unidas, 1/6/2012, (IPS) &#8211; A Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Rio+20), que acontecerá de 20 a 22 de junho no Rio de Janeiro, é uma oportunidade única em uma geração<span id="more-286"></span></p>
<p><div id="attachment_289" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 143px"><img class="size-full wp-image-289" title="Crédito: Cortesía de Sha Zukang" src="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/100861-20120531.jpg" alt="" width="133" height="200" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Crédito: Cortesía de Sha Zukang</p></div>
<p>Mais de 135 chefes de Estado e de governo, e mais de 50 mil participantes no total, incluindo executivos de empresas e representantes da sociedade civil, estarão presentes. O secretário-geral da Organização das Nações Unidas, Ban Ki-moon, definiu o encontro como &#8220;uma das mais importantes conferências da história&#8221; da ONU.</p>
<p>Não nos equivoquemos, o mundo está observando. Com a interdependência sem precedentes que vivemos hoje, o desenvolvimento sustentável é a única via para enfrentar os desafios econômicos, sociais e ambientais que afetam milhões de pessoas e ameaçam nosso planeta compartilhado.</p>
<p>Os progressos no desenvolvimento sustentável se traduzem em alimentos na mesa de milhões de pessoas que hoje sofrem fome, bem como em oportunidades de trabalho decente, em acesso a água potável e na capacidade de respirar ar puro e caminhar por uma mata cheia de vida. Além disso, o desenvolvimento sustentável assegura que cada mulher tenha iguais oportunidades e que cada menino e menina tenha a possibilidade de ir à escola, de ter acesso a saneamento básico, crescer em um ambiente socialmente inclusivo e aspirar um futuro promissor.</p>
<p>Talvez, muitos de nós sejamos suficientemente afortunados para darmos como assentadas estas bases do desenvolvimento sustentável. Contudo, devemos fazê-lo?</p>
<p>Nosso sobrecarregado planeta enfrenta um grande número de desafios: as repercussões da recessão econômica global, a insegurança energética, a escassez de água, os altos preços dos alimentos, as vulnerabilidades diante da mudança climática e a frequência e severidade dos desastres naturais, entre outros.</p>
<p>A natureza destes desafios nos recorda uma verdade importante: somos um, e estamos interligados de infinitas maneiras. Estes desafios não afetam apenas um país ou uma região. São de natureza global e têm impacto sobre todos. No mundo de hoje, o que acontece em uma parte do planeta pode facilmente repercutir em outra. Não podemos continuar com a mesma atitude, vivendo do tempo emprestado, e consumindo recursos como se existissem cinco planetas.</p>
<p>A Rio+20 não é &#8220;apenas outra conferência da ONU&#8221;. Por que o fórum mundial a está convocando? Não se trata de adotar normas e regulações à custa da qualidade de vida, mas de estimular e facilitar mais sábias opções para indivíduos, comunidades locais, negócios e governos.</p>
<p>Combinadas, nossas opções determinam a saúde de nossas economias, de nosso planeta e de nossa sociedade. O Rio de Janeiro é uma importante oportunidade para assegurar que os líderes globais respeitem seus compromissos para um mundo sustentável, tanto econômica quanto social e ambientalmente, e para que escolham políticas a favor do povo e do planeta.</p>
<p>Uma ideia que ganha cada vez mais apoio são as Metas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (MDS), que complementariam os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio. As MDS, aplicáveis e mensuráveis, dariam uma concreta expressão ao renovado compromisso político pelo desenvolvimento sustentável. No Rio de Janeiro espero ver ações para avançar em direção a uma economia verde no contexto do desenvolvimento sustentável e da erradicação da pobreza.</p>
<p>Na verdade, vários temas reclamam ação urgente: empregos decentes, especialmente para os quase 80 milhões de jovens que entram anualmente no mercado de trabalho; sistemas de proteção social; inclusão social; acesso a energia; eficiência e sustentabilidade. Além disso, segurança alimentar e agricultura sustentável, gestão racional da água, cidades sustentáveis, proteção e administração de oceanos e melhor resistência e preparação diante de desastres naturais.</p>
<p>Os governos também terão que decidir com qual marco institucional se pode avançar melhor na agenda do desenvolvimento sustentável e proporcionar um espaço para que a sociedade civil e o setor privado desempenhem seu papel. Na verdade, todos os setores da sociedade podem desenvolver tecnologias que ajudem a transformar o mundo para melhor, criar empregos verdes e influenciar positivamente a sociedade por meio da responsabilidade social das corporações.</p>
<p>A sociedade civil pode responsabilizar os governos e assegurar que as vozes dos mais vulneráveis estejam representadas. Os cientistas podem desenvolver soluções inovadoras para os desafios da sustentabilidade, e cada um de nós também tem uma parte nas decisões que tomamos a cada dia.</p>
<p>A Rio+20 é a conferência de todos, assim como o planeta também é de todos. Suas metas, suas aspirações e seu resultado pertencerão a todos. Por fim, não esqueçamos que a Rio+20 também é uma conferência para as futuras gerações. Um famoso provérbio indígena norte-americano diz: &#8220;Não herdamos a Terra de nossos ancestrais, mas a tomamos emprestada de nossos filhos&#8221;.</p>
<p>Juntos, participando de um pensamento criativo, de iniciativas para avançar e de compromisso voluntários, podemos conseguir consenso e procurar um mundo que faça nossos descendentes se orgulharem. Trabalharemos unidos para criar o futuro que queremos. Envolverde/IPS</p>
<p><strong>*</strong> <em>Sha Zukang é secretário-geral adjunto da ONU, diretor do Departamento de Assuntos Econômicos e Sociais e secretário-geral da Rio+20. (FIN/2012)</em></p>
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		<title>Rio+20 &#8211; a Call to Responsibility, a Call to Action</title>
		<link>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/rio20-a-call-to-responsibility-a-call-to-action/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Jun 2012 17:22:34 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/?p=252</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[By Federico Mayor Zaragoza and Mario Soares* BARCELONA, Jun 1, 2012 (IPS) &#8211; We are all going through a period of great confusion and uncertainty. &#160; On the one hand, part of the world is dramatically affected by the consequences of governments’ total submission to the financial markets. These markets, supposedly anonymous, are not subject [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By Federico Mayor Zaragoza and Mario Soares*</p>
<p>BARCELONA, Jun 1, 2012 (IPS) &#8211; We are all going through a period of great confusion and uncertainty.</p>
<p><span id="more-252"></span></p>
<p><div id="attachment_253" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 560px"><img class="size-full wp-image-253" title="&quot;Carrying development&quot;. Credit: Claudius/IPS" src="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/108001-20120601.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="425" /><p class="wp-caption-text">&quot;Carrying development&quot;. Credit: Claudius/IPS</p></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>On the one hand, part of the world is dramatically affected by the consequences of governments’ total submission to the financial markets. These markets, supposedly anonymous, are not subject to any kind of control, due to the deregulating policies of the last decades. They have even overthrown democratically elected governments and substituted them with &#8220;technocratic&#8221; ones.</p>
<p>On the other hand, the speculative nature of a great part of these markets is harshly affecting the price of commodities, including food, thus pushing millions more people to hunger and malnutrition. This fact, in addition to chronic failure in the fulfillment of international agreements related to development cooperation, is aggravated even more by the current financial and economic crisis.</p>
<p>Parallel to this, the world is immersed in yet another crisis that is threatening its own survival. The challenges of climate change and environmental degradation, together with unsustainable production and consumption models, are growing alarmingly, something that the present structures of global governance are not able to face, as shown by the repeated failures of the last<a href="http://unfccc.int/meetings/cancun_nov_2010/meeting/6266.php" target="_blank"> COP meetings</a>.</p>
<p>In this framework, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, also known as<a href="http://ipsnews.net/new_focus/reframing-rio/index.asp" target="_blank"> Rio+20</a>, will take place in Rio de Janeiro from Jun. 20-22, twenty years after the celebration of the first &#8220;Earth Summit&#8221; in the very same city. This will be a key moment in the international agenda to which everybody – including citizens, of course – must pay special attention.</p>
<p>There are several topics on the agenda resulting from intense negotiations that are still underway. In this context, the <a href="http://www.ubuntu.upc.edu/index.php" target="_blank">World Forum of Civil Society Networks – UBUNTU</a> wishes to underline the following regarding the two main themes: a green economy and an institutional framework.</p>
<p>The green economy concept must refer to a model of sustainable development that includes a holistic approach, with deep social roots and a strong commitment to the environment. We shall reject the promotion of any other model that conceals an option for an increased commodification of nature.</p>
<p>Secondly, the need for reforming the institutional framework is obvious and more urgent than ever. We shall move beyond the organisational details of the new framework, though they too are important; now, the priority is to ensure that the resulting structure has the resources, independence and powers necessary to guarantee the implementation and fulfillment of environmental agreements, including the capacity to impose sanctions.</p>
<p>This must go hand in hand with a process of promoting a system of democratic multilateralism. This is the only possible option for those who truly believe in the transition towards a model of real, global democratic governance that is both participatory and fair.</p>
<p>Another key issue to be raised at the Summit is the idea of basing progress in all aspects related to the concept of climate justice on the principle of &#8220;common but differentiated responsibility&#8221;.</p>
<p>In this sense, the issue of financing is essential, highlighting once more the need to move forward with respect to innovative mechanisms of financing for development, particularly the proposal of a <a href="http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=107108" target="_blank">Financial Transaction Tax.</a></p>
<p>In the framework of a comprehensive proposal regarding the concept of sustainable human development, it is imperative to establish a legal framework that prevents speculation affecting food prices.</p>
<p>Moreover, the debate regarding new ways of measuring development and sustainability must help us, in line with the Human Development Index, to overcome the current model based on gross domestic product (GDP). This model shuns basic criteria such as equity, sustainability or respect for human rights. In this sense, the proposal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) may be a positive one, but only if the Goals go in the abovementioned direction, and if they complement the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), with which in any case they must never compete.</p>
<p>It is also extremely important that the Summit renews and re-launches agreements as essential as the Agenda 21, which includes topics of utmost significance, such as commitments regarding greenhouse gases; or the conventions on climate change, biological diversity or desertification.</p>
<p>Therefore, we call for the mobilisation of all involved actors, and especially citizens and civil society – at all levels: local, regional and global – in order to ensure that this new &#8220;Earth Summit&#8221; measures up to the severity of the crisis we are going through.</p>
<p>The world cannot afford another fiasco in Rio. It is time for responsibility. And, above all, it is time for action.</p>
<p><strong>*</strong> <em>Federico Mayor Zaragoza is ex director-general of UNESCO, president of the Culture of Peace Foundation and former president of IPS. Mario Soares is ex-president and ex-prime minister of Portugal. Read <a href="http://www.ubuntu.upc.edu/index.php?lg=eng&amp;pg=2&amp;ncom=30" target="_blank">full text and list of adhesions to the appeal</a> at UBUNTU &#8211; World Forum of Civil Society Networks.</em></p>
<p>(END)</p>
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		<title>Um chamado à responsabilidade, tempo de ação</title>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 31 May 2012 18:28:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Civil Society]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/?p=294</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Federico Mayor Zaragoza e Mario Soares* Barcelona, Espanha, 31/5/2012, (IPS) &#8211; Vivemos tempos de grande confusão e de enormes incertezas. Uma parte do mundo se vê ferozmente afetada pelas consequências do Estado de total submissão em que se encontram os governos com relação aos mercados financeiros. &#160; Esses mercados, supostamente anônimos, em uma situação de [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Federico Mayor Zaragoza e Mario Soares*</p>
<p>Barcelona, Espanha, 31/5/2012, (IPS) &#8211; Vivemos tempos de grande confusão e de enormes incertezas. Uma parte do mundo se vê ferozmente afetada pelas consequências do Estado de total submissão em que se encontram os governos com relação aos mercados financeiros. <span id="more-294"></span></p>
<p><div id="attachment_253" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 560px"><img class="size-full wp-image-253" title="Carregando o desenvolvimento. Crédito: Claudius/IPS" src="http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/108001-20120601.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="425" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Carregando o desenvolvimento. Crédito: Claudius/IPS</p></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Esses mercados, supostamente anônimos, em uma situação de total descontrole, em razão das políticas desreguladoras das últimas décadas, se veem inclusive com força para fazer caírem governos eleitos democraticamente e substituí-los por outros &#8220;tecnocráticos&#8221;.</p>
<p>Por outro lado, vemos como a natureza especulativa de grande parte destes mercados também se mostra cruel com as matérias-primas, incluindo os alimentos, o que leva mais milhões de pessoas à fome e à desnutrição. Este fato, somado ao crônico descumprimento dos acordos internacionais referentes à cooperação para o desenvolvimento, se vê agravado pela atual crise econômico-financeira.</p>
<p>Paralelamente, o mundo encontra-se imerso em outra crise que ameaça sua própria sobrevivência.</p>
<p>Os desafios que representam o aquecimento global e a degradação ambiental, agravados por padrões de produção e consumo insustentáveis, crescem de forma alarmante sem que as atuais estruturas de governança mundial sejam capazes de enfrentá-los, tal como demonstram os reiterados fracassos das reuniões da Convenção Marco das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança Climática.</p>
<p>É neste contexto que, entre 20 e 22 de junho, se reunirá no Rio de Janeiro a Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável, conhecida como Rio+20, duas décadas depois da realização da Cúpula da Terra, também nessa cidade.</p>
<p>Trata-se de um momento muito importante na agenda internacional ao qual todos &#8211; e, sem dúvida, também a cidadania &#8211; temos que prestar uma atenção muito especial.</p>
<p>São vários os temas que fazem parte da agenda deste encontro que ainda são objeto de intensas negociações. Contudo, a partir do Ubuntu &#8211; Fórum Mundial de Redes da Sociedade Civil, queremos destacar o seguinte em relação aos dois temas centrais: economia verde e o contexto institucional.</p>
<p>O conceito de economia verde deve se referir, necessariamente, a um modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável que incorpore uma visão holística com uma base profundamente social e de respeito ambiental. Não é aceitável, e rechaçaremos qualquer promoção de um modelo que, com subterfúgios, esconda uma simples aposta por uma maior mercantilização da natureza.</p>
<p>A reforma do contexto institucional é evidente e mais urgente do que nunca. Além dos detalhes organizacionais deste novo marco &#8211; que também são importantes -, o que é realmente relevante é assegurar que a nova estrutura conte com os recursos, a independência e os poderes reais necessários para garantir a aplicação e o respeito dos acordos sobre meio ambiente, incluindo a capacidade de impor sanções.</p>
<p>Isto deve estar paralelo à promoção de um sistema de multilateralismo democrático, a única opção possível se realmente cremos no processo para um verdadeiro modelo de governança mundial democrático, participativo e justo.</p>
<p>A respeito dos outros dois temas da Cúpula, um dos elementos essenciais é avançar em tudo o que diz respeito ao conceito de justiça climática, com base no princípio de &#8220;responsabilidades comuns, mas diferenciadas&#8221;. Nesse sentido, a questão do financiamento também é fundamental, o que evidencia &#8211; uma vez mais &#8211; a necessidade de progredir em questões como os mecanismos inovadores de financiamento para o desenvolvimento, e em especial a proposta de uma taxa sobre as transações financeiras.</p>
<p>No contexto de uma proposta integral do conceito de desenvolvimento humano sustentável, também é imperioso o estabelecimento de um marco jurídico que evite a especulação que afeta os preços dos alimentos.</p>
<p>Além disso, o debate sobre novas fórmulas de medição do desenvolvimento e da sustentabilidade deve nos ajudar a superar &#8211; na linha do que propõe o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano &#8211; o atual modelo baseado no produto interno bruto (PIB), que deixa de lado elementos básicos como a igualdade, a sustentabilidade ou o respeito aos direitos humanos.</p>
<p>Nesse sentido, a proposta dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável pode ser positiva desde que esteja na direção mencionada e seja complementar aos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio, com os quais, em nenhum caso, deve haver competição.</p>
<p>Também é de extraordinária importância que a cúpula renove e relance acordos tão fundamentais como a Agenda 21, que inclui temas de especial significado como os compromissos de redução das emissões de gases-estufa, ou as convenções sobre mudança climática, diversidade biológica e desertificação.</p>
<p>Portanto, fazemos um chamado à mobilização de todos os atores implicados, mas especialmente da cidadania e da sociedade civil &#8211; em todos os níveis: local, regional e mundial &#8211; para conseguir que a nova Cúpula da Terra esteja à altura das circunstâncias, tão sérias, que vivemos.</p>
<p>O mundo não pode se permitir outro fiasco no Rio. É tempo de responsabilidade. E é tempo, sobretudo, de ação. Envolverde/IPS</p>
<p>* <em>Federico Mayor Zaragoza é ex-diretor-geral da Unesco, presidente da Fundação Cultura de Paz e ex-presidente da agência IPS. Mario Soares é ex-presidente e ex-primeiro-ministro de Portugal. Ubuntu &#8211; Fórum Mundial de Redes da Sociedade Civil. Veja o texto completo do chamado e das adesões.</em></p>
<p>(FIN/2012)</p>
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		<title>OP-ED: Rio+20 is Everyone&#8217;s Conference</title>
		<link>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/op-ed-rio20-is-everyones-conference/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 29 May 2012 12:52:07 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[By Sha Zukang* UNITED NATIONS, May 29, 2012 (IPS) &#8211; The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, otherwise known as Rio+20, is a once-in-a-generation opportunity. Over 135 heads of state and government and up to 50,000 participants, including business executives and civil society representatives, will be present when the conference opens on Jun. 20. Secretary-General [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By Sha Zukang*</p>
<p>UNITED NATIONS, May 29, 2012 (IPS) &#8211; The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, otherwise known as Rio+20, is a once-in-a-generation opportunity.</p>
<p><span id="more-24"></span>Over 135 heads of state and government and up to 50,000 participants, including business executives and civil society representatives, will be present when the conference opens on Jun. 20. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon calls it &#8220;one of the most important conferences in U.N. history&#8221;.</p>
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<div align="center"><a href="http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=107957" target="_parent"><img src="http://www.ipsnews.net/fotos/107957-20120529.jpg" alt="Sha Zukang / Credit:Courtesy of Sha Zukang" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" /><br /> <span style="color: #000000;"> Sha Zukang<br /> </span><br /> <span style="color: #666666; font-size: xx-small;"> Credit:Courtesy of Sha Zukang</span></a></div>
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<p>Make no mistake, the world is watching. With today&#8217;s unprecedented interdependence, sustainable development is the only way to address the inter-locking economic, social and environmental challenges that confront billions of people, and threaten our shared planet.</p>
<p>Progress on sustainable development means meals on the table for millions who suffer from hunger; decent work opportunities; access to clean water; taking a deep breath of clean air; or walking through a forest teeming with life.</p>
<p>Furthermore, sustainable development is ensuring that every woman has equal opportunity and that every child has the chance to go to school; has basic sanitation; grows up in a socially inclusive environment, and can look forward to a promising future.</p>
<p>In fact, these foundations of &#8220;sustainable development&#8221; may be something many of us are fortunate enough to take for granted. But should we? Our overburdened planet is facing a host of challenges: the fallout of a global economic recession, energy insecurity, water scarcity, high food prices, and vulnerabilities to climate change and increased frequency and severity of natural disasters, among others.</p>
<p>The nature of these challenges reminds us of an important truth: we are one and we are interconnected in countless ways. These challenges don&#8217;t affect just one country or one region. They are global in nature and impact all of us.</p>
<p>In today&#8217;s world, what happens on one side of the globe can easily reverberate on the other. Living on borrowed time and consuming resources as if there were five planets, we can no longer afford a business-as-usual attitude.</p>
<p>Rio+20 is not &#8220;just another U.N. conference&#8221;. So why is the United Nations convening this conference? It is not about enforcing rules or regulations at the cost of quality of life, but rather to encourage and facilitate better, wiser choices by individuals, local communities, businesses and governments.</p>
<p>Combined, our choices determine the health of our economies, our planet and our society. Rio is an important opportunity to ensure world leaders stand by their commitments to a sustainable world – economically, socially and environmentally, and that they are choosing policies that are pro-people and pro-planet.</p>
<p>One opportunity that is finding increasing support is for sustainable development goals (SDGs) to complement and reinforce the Millennium Development Goals. SDGs that are actionable and measurable would give concrete expression to renewed high-level political commitment for sustainable development.</p>
<p>At Rio, I hope to see action on how to advance a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. Indeed, action on a range of issues are calling for attention: decent jobs, especially for the nearly 80 million young people entering the workforce every year, social protection schemes, social inclusion; energy access, efficiency and sustainability; food security and sustainable agriculture; sound water management; sustainable cities; protection and management of the oceans; and improved resilience and disaster preparedness.</p>
<p>Governments will also need to decide what institutional framework can best advance the sustainable development agenda, and provide space for civil society and the private sector to play their role.</p>
<p>Indeed, all sectors of society can and must engage on these issues. Business and industry can develop technologies that help transform the world for the better, generate green jobs, and positively influence society through corporate social responsibility.</p>
<p>Civil society can hold governments to account and ensure that the voices of the most vulnerable are represented. Scientists can develop innovative solutions to sustainability challenges. And every single one of us also has a part – in the decisions we make each day – to make informed choices.</p>
<p>Rio+20 is everyone&#8217;s conference, just as it is everyone&#8217;s planet. Its goals, aspirations and its outcome will belong to all of us.</p>
<p>Lastly, let us not forget that Rio+20 is also a conference for future generations. A famous Native American proverb says, &#8220;We do not inherit the land from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children.&#8221;</p>
<p>Together, by engaging in creative thought, forward-looking initiatives and voluntary commitments, we can build consensus and strive for a world that will make our descendants proud. Let&#8217;s work together to create the future we want.</p>
<p>*Sha Zukang is U.N. under-secretary-general heading the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and is the secretary-general of the U.N. Conference on Sustainable Development, also known as Rio+20.</p>
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		<title>A resiliência é a base do desenvolvimento</title>
		<link>http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/a-resiliencia-e-a-base-do-desenvolvimento/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 10 May 2012 21:44:44 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Development]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/?p=325</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Helen Clark* Nações Unidas, 10/5/2012, (IPS) &#8211; A população mundial de hoje é mais saudável, mais rica e melhor educada do que do que nunca antes. No entanto, com estes avanços incríveis convivem realidades desconcertantes. Muita gente ainda vive na pobreza extrema, inclusive em economias que crescem rapidamente. Aproximadamente 20% da população do planeta reside [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Helen Clark*</p>
<p>Nações Unidas, 10/5/2012, (IPS) &#8211; A população mundial de hoje é mais saudável, mais rica e melhor educada do que do que nunca antes.</p>
<p><span id="more-325"></span>No entanto, com estes avanços incríveis convivem realidades desconcertantes. Muita gente ainda vive na pobreza extrema, inclusive em economias que crescem rapidamente. Aproximadamente 20% da população do planeta reside em Estados frágeis e muito vulneráveis.</p>
<p>A economia mundial e os sistemas financeiros seguem instáveis. A violência armada e as redes do crime organizado são uma ameaça cada vez maior para a segurança humana em muitos países. As mulheres continuam enfrentando sérias barreiras para seu verdadeiro empoderamento. E estamos chegando aos limites de nosso planeta.</p>
<p>Na medida em que a população mundial aumenta dos atuais sete bilhões de habitantes para os quase nove bilhões projetados para 2040, e se mantêm nossos padrões atuais de consumo e produção, aumenta a pressão sobre o planeta e seus recursos. Assim, quando os governantes internacionais se reunirem em junho no Rio de Janeiro para debater sobre o desenvolvimento sustentável, a resiliência deverá ser parte importante do diálogo.</p>
<p>Conseguir um desenvolvimento duradouro não é contrapor objetivos econômicos, sociais e ambientais, mas vê-los como objetivos interligados que são melhor alcançados em conjunto. A resiliência não pode ser criada da noite para o dia. Leva tempo. Mas é nossa melhor possibilidade de fixar os avanços obtidos até agora e de promover um desenvolvimento humano equitativo e sustentável.</p>
<p>A resiliência é a capacidade inerente de um sistema enfrentar qualquer comoção externa, sem importar o quanto é previsível ou surpreendente.</p>
<p>Para o Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (Pnud), a resiliência é um processo transformador que se constrói sobre a fortaleza inata dos indivíduos, de suas comunidades e das instituições, para prevenir e reduzir os impactos, bem como para aprender com a experiência de comoções de qualquer tipo, internas ou externas, naturais ou criadas pelo ser humano, econômicas, sanitárias, políticas ou sociais.</p>
<p>Em 2000, Moçambique foi afetada por uma inundação causada por um ciclone, que deixou 800 mortos e meio milhão de desabrigados e que alterou os meios de vida de outro milhão de pessoas, afetando no total 4,5 milhões de habitantes. Em 2007, quando inundações de magnitude semelhante voltaram a impactar esse país, houve 29 mortes, não 800. E os prejudicados foram 70 mil, não um milhão.</p>
<p>Quando Moçambique foi afetada pela segunda vez, a sociedade estava muito mais preparada, o risco de desastre tinha sido exaustivamente abordado e o governo conduzira e articulara uma visão estratégica clara. A comunidade internacional interveio para dar apoio ao desenvolvimento institucional, político e de capacidades.</p>
<p>Foram iniciados programas comunitários para minimizar o perigo de se perder os meios de subsistência, e foram fortalecidos os sistemas de resposta às emergências. Entidades da sociedade civil e a Cruz Vermelha trabalharam com os governos locais e a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) em uma preparação centrada da comunidade.</p>
<p>A lição fundamental deixada pela experiência de Moçambique é que as sociedades, quando investem tempo em aprender com as adversidades, estão melhor preparadas para enfrentá-las no futuro.</p>
<p>Os esforços de cooperação dentro das próprias comunidades tiveram um papel muito mais importante para salvar vidas do que qualquer intervenção externa. A sociedade demorou muito menos tempo para ser organizar e se recuperar.</p>
<p>Ao criar resiliência, a prioridade deve ser a prevenção, complementada com esforços explícitos para reduzir as vulnerabilidades sociais e o compromisso de manter a integridade das comunidades, as instituições e os ecossistemas.</p>
<p>A criação de resiliência se beneficia de uma governança ativa, efetiva, franca e justa, e não só no mundo em desenvolvimento. Como mostrou a recente crise financeira, nem todos os países industriais demonstraram uma resiliência sistêmica diante das comoções econômicas.</p>
<p>A menos que os países industrializados estejam dispostos a ver como a adversidade joga por terra anos de desenvolvimento e progresso humano, é crucial que desenvolvam uma resiliência sistêmica em relação às comoções. As instituições &#8211; particularmente as estruturas e os sistemas de governança &#8211; proporcionam contextos para desenvolver resiliência.</p>
<p>Quando as instituições estatais não garantem o acesso a justiça e a um serviço público que funcione, e não podem garantir um entorno no qual as pessoas possam prosperar, as comunidades se tornam mais vulneráveis a grupos criminosos e violentos, que preencherão qualquer vazio.</p>
<p>A fragilidade do Estado não é apenas reflexo de instituições fracas, mas também de sistemas sociais sob pressão. Um Estado resiliente está ancorado em uma sociedade coesa. E as desigualdades pronunciadas vão contra esta coesão.</p>
<p>O desenvolvimento sustentável baseado na resiliência também exige cultivar a capacidade dos pobres para superar desafios, e deveria estar pautado por um compromisso com a propriedade nacional, respostas amplas e integradas, inovação e aprendizagem, além de participação estratégica de longo prazo.</p>
<p>Criar sistemas de proteção social é um investimento importante em resiliência, pois defendem os mais vulneráveis dos piores efeitos das comoções e ajudam a prevenir retrocessos de desenvolvimento. Estes são os passos que nas décadas de 1930 e 1940 foram dados por muitas nações que hoje chamamos de industrializadas.</p>
<p>Os custos de um piso adequado de proteção social variam de 1% a 2% do produto interno bruto. Porém, atualmente apenas 20% da população mundial em idade de trabalhar &#8211; principalmente nos países de renda média e alta &#8211; tem acesso a sistemas amplos de proteção social.</p>
<p>As sociedades resilientes também são as que têm uma capacidade de diálogo que permite mediar diferenças com cordialidade. Exibem confiança social e cívica, o que leva a população a se sentir incluída e incentivada a participar. Estabelecer estes atributos constitui um árduo trabalho para qualquer país. E fazê-lo é ainda mais difícil naqueles devastados por conflitos e violência. Entretanto, sem essa capacidade para a tolerância, a fragilidade pode afetar as instituições e os sistemas de uma sociedade. Envolverde/IPS</p>
<p><strong>*</strong> <em>Helen Clark é administradora do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (Pnud) e ex-primeira-ministra da Nova Zelândia.</em></p>
<p>(FIN/2012)</p>
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