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IPS Writers in the Blogosphere » immigration http://www.ips.org/blog/ips Turning the World Downside Up Tue, 26 May 2020 22:12:16 +0000 en-US hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.5.1 Europe’s Future has Been Captured – It’s Time to Fight Back http://www.ips.org/blog/ips/europes-future-has-been-captured-its-time-to-fight-back/ http://www.ips.org/blog/ips/europes-future-has-been-captured-its-time-to-fight-back/#comments Mon, 17 Mar 2014 13:19:08 +0000 Apostolis Fotiadis http://www.ips.org/blog/ips/?p=16766 While the next European election is approaching, fear for a nationalist backlash and right-wing extremism is spreading — and this time the European Union technocrat elites themselves sound concerned. 

The awakening of the ghost of nationalism is at length the result of a double failure of the European Union and its leadership. The financial crisis [...]]]> While the next European election is approaching, fear for a nationalist backlash and right-wing extremism is spreading — and this time the European Union technocrat elites themselves sound concerned. 

The awakening of the ghost of nationalism is at length the result of a double failure of the European Union and its leadership. The financial crisis and the immigration crisis that hit Europe during the last decade have proven the unsteadiness of the unification project. In both cases, European leaders’ capitulation to business elites’ interests led them to flawed responses — eventually turning the Union into a battleground where national political agendas of member states are played off against each other.

Photo Credit: Apostolis Fotiadis

In its handling of the financial and immigration crises, EU leadership has repeated historical mistakes, surrendered democratic functions to turbo-capitalism and unlocked the door to authoritarianism. Photo Credit: Apostolis Fotiadis

But the elites’ commitment to democracy is not very sincere. They mostly remember it when the interests they represent are under threat. In a case in point, last month the German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble started leaking versions of rescue strategies about the future of the Greek bailout program, hoping to find a new balance between additional rescue money and austerity obligations that the overburdened Greek public would have to digest.

In this way, Schäuble hopes to rescue the Greek pro-austerity coalition government from the likely beating in the municipal and European elections next May. To put it in a simpler way, his problem is that democracy might work and drive things out of control. Thus, he is hurrying to exercise preventive measures for a possible derailment of his strategy.

Schäuble’s last example of strategic thinking is the embodiment of the nature of European politics since the beginning of the debt crisis in 2009. It is also the kind of thinking that has failed Europe.

Austerity — and the international institutions created to implement it, most notably the Troika and the (European Stability Mechanism (ESM) — have become a structure through which some member states, with the participation of the European Commission and the European Central Bank (ECB), critically undermine the sovereignty of other member states. European institutions have become a vehicle for imposing hegemony on others, while any corrective mechanism like the European Court of Justice and the European Parliament have been marginalised in the process.

Immigration

The immigration crisis that’s been evolving since the end of the 1990s on the borders of Europe has also degenerated to brinkmanship between southeastern and northwestern member states.

When xenophobia dominated the debate on migration, instead of a humane immigration system with regular controls, European leaders away from any kind of public scrutiny chose to build a xenophobic high-tech fortress. A project promoted by the emerging security-industrial complex which today actively co-dictates European immigration policy.

In both cases, there were other ways to go. The Eurobond or a controlled debt restructuring were serious options that would have changed the course of the eurozone crisis from very early on. With the correct political navigation, they could  have also deepened the European project politically.

The Dublin regulation was created in 1997 to identify the country liable to accept and consider an asylum application; The Common European Asylum System that outlines common high standards and stronger co-operation to ensure that asylum seekers are treated equally in an open and fair system was put on paper in 1999. Instead of utilising these further to create a just burden-distribution system, member states came up with an externalisation mechanism that pushed responsibility to others.

History repeating itself

Now, at the peak of the crisis, Europe’s technocrats react again like political dwarves. To defend the future they have chosen for Europe, they will flirt with the monster. They watch as Greece begins to turn into an authoritarian state where journalists are persecuted and racist neo-nazis have been offered appalling impunity, only because its government keeps up with fiscal consolidation.

During the boom years, European leaders promised that if we all run faster away from our history, unconditional and unlimited progress would wait for us around the corner.

What we managed instead was to start repeating Europe’s historical mistakes, surrender democratic functions to turbo-capitalism and unlock the door to authoritarianism.

Europe’ future has been captured by some who pay lip service to its vision while they do business for themselves and their patrons. The negotiation for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership between Europe and the US, cloaked in secrecy and aimed at lifting any barriers to the corporate domination of both markets, epitomizes this evolution.

Nevertheless, we shouldn’t destroy Europe and give in to nationalism because of them; we should fight to recapture it and reinstitute its purpose: peace and dignity.

Apostolis Fotiadis is a freelance correspondent based in Athens with a focus on ethnic conflict, human rights and the politics of immigration and the economic crisis in Europe. You can find him on his website and on twitter at @Balkanizator.

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Migración: Si lo construyes, ellos vendrán por un desvío http://www.ips.org/blog/ips/migracion-si-lo-construyes-ellos-vendran-por-un-desvio/ http://www.ips.org/blog/ips/migracion-si-lo-construyes-ellos-vendran-por-un-desvio/#comments Wed, 12 Feb 2014 08:56:59 +0000 Peter Costantini http://www.ips.org/blog/ips/?p=16443 Seattle, Washington, EEUU

Nota: El siguiente comentario ha aparecido en inglés en Inter Press Service y en Crossover Dreams.

Note: The following commentary has been published in English by Inter Press Service and Crossover Dreams.

El debate sobre la migración a Estados Unidos ¿le extraña?  Pues, acuérdese de la Línea Maginot.

[...]]]>
Seattle, Washington, EEUU

la Línea Maginot

Montaje gráfico por Peter Costantini

Nota: El siguiente comentario ha aparecido en inglés en Inter Press Service y en Crossover Dreams.

Note: The following commentary has been published in English by Inter Press Service and Crossover Dreams.


El debate sobre la migración a Estados Unidos ¿le extraña?  Pues, acuérdese de la Línea Maginot.

Aquel sistema formidable de fortificaciones francesas fue construido en los años 1930 por André Maginot, el ministro de guerra francés, para defender contra una invasión desde el este.  Desgraciadamente, la blitzkrieg Nazi lo esquivó por el norte y conquistó a la Francia adentro de seis semanas.

El pobre M. Maginot se convirtió en una taquigrafía para “librar la guerra anterior”.  Pero al menos él trataba de enfrentarse a una amenaza existencial e inminente.

La invasión aterrorizante de los “illegal aliens”, como si fueran extraterrestres, contra la cual nuestros propios Maginots han construido centenares de millas de vallas fronterizas, movilizado la Guardia Nacional y lanzado los aviones robot, en realidad alcanzó su punto máximo en 2000 y ya se acabó hace buen rato.  Desde el inicio de la Gran Recesión, ligeramente más mexicanos han vuelto a casa en su país que han venido aquí, y actualmente la migración neta parece muy cerca de cero. La población de inmigrantes indocumentados ha caído en un ocho por ciento desde su cima en 2007.  Y al fin y al cabo, en vez de la devastación, la afluencia ha traído beneficios modestos pero bien amplios a nuestra economía y sociedad.

El éxodo empezó en medios de los años 90, impulsado por fuerzas de empuje y tracción muy poderosas.  En México, el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte ha forzado a muchos campesinos a abandonar sus tierras, y la crisis del peso de 1994 tajó los salarios en un 20 por ciento, ajustado por inflación. Mientras tanto, el alza de la economía de Estados Unidos, alimentado por la tecnología, levantó los sueldos incluso para los trabajadores de bajos ingresos.

Hoy parece poco probable que una tal convergencia económica  vuelva a pasar.  Los altibajos de la economía mexicana ahora quedan acoplados más estrechamente con la nuestra.  Y la taza mexicana de natalidad que se disminuye, junta con oportunidades crecientes de educación y empleo, sugieren que los factores que empujan a emigrantes hacia el norte podrían continuar a encogerse al medio y al largo plazo.

Sin embargo, nuestros Maginots siguen agachados en sus búnkeres, exigiendo medidas que nunca fueron económicamente eficaces, y frecuentemente contraproducentes frente a un enemigo fantasma.

La frontera entre México y Estados Unidos extiende más de 3,000 quilómetros, muchos de estos a través del desierto de Sonora, entre un país muy rico y un otro moderadamente pobre.  Nunca se puede asegurarla contra toda migración, no importa lo mucho que sea militarizada.  Hace mucho tiempo llegamos al punto de rendimientos decrecientes por arrojar plata, tecnología y mano de obra en ella.

La Maginot-ización ha aumentado la dificultad y el peligro de la travesía, pero casi todos aquellos dispuestos a seguir intentando logran cruzar finalmente.  Mientras tanto, se estima que un 30 a 40 por ciento de los indocumentados simplemente entraron legalmente y se quedaron después de la expiración de sus visas.  Los únicos factores capaces de disuadirles eficazmente a los inmigrantes resueltos son mercados laborales estrechos aquí o mejorados allí en su país.

El aumento de la seguridad fronteriza ha tenido también unas consecuencias no deseadas y muy feas.  La triplicación consiguiente del costo de un coyote (guía) ha proporcionado en efecto un subsidio a los carteles narcotraficantes que controlan zonas importantes de la frontera y se aprovechan de los migrantes.  La vigilancia intensificada en las áreas pobladas ha empujado a más travesías adentro del desierto salvaje, donde números atroces de viajeros siguen pereciendo.

La frontera fortificada también ha desalentado la migración circular.  Desde el inicio, el patrón dominante ha sido de ir y volver cada uno u dos años, y con tiempo regresar a casa allá para construir una mejor vida.  Ahora los crecientes costos y peligros han llevado a más inmigrantes a quedarse más rato en el Norte o a asentarse aquí y traer a sus familias.

Después de más de un siglo de subir y caer con las mareas económicas de los dos países, la inmigración no autorizada está profundamente arraigada en ambas culturas y economías.  Es ilegal en el mismo sentido que la conducción por encima del límite de velocidad o el estacionamiento a tiempo extra.  También se podría compararla a una especie de intrusión internacional, y si uno entra en propiedad ajena para un propósito benigno durante un tiempo bastante largo, el derecho consuetudinario de Estados Unidos le permite adquirir título mediante la “adverse possession”, o sea, “usucapión”.

En cuanto a los efectos económicos, la mayoría de los economistas laborales ha encontrado beneficios generales a trabajadores nacidos en EE.UU., a la economía en general, y a los saldos fiscales.  Aún para el seis por ciento de los trabajadores nativos sin diploma de secundaria, la mayoría de investigaciones muestra aproximadamente la paridad entre efectos negativos y positivos.  Y lo más revelador es que las organizaciones que en realidad representan a obreros de bajos salarios, incluso los sindicatos y las organizaciones comunitarias, están en gran medida a favor de sacar a los inmigrantes de las sombras a la legalidad, y de trabajar en solidaridad con ellos, lo que ayudaría a elevar el piso del mercado laboral.

Entonces, a ver: si los inmigrantes indocumentados no han hecho nada de malo y si contribuyen a la sociedad de EE.UU., pues ¿por qué constituiría un sendero a la ciudadanía una “amnistía”, así como dicen los restriccionistas?

En lugar de debatir cuantos quilómetros más de la Línea Maginot a construir, deberíamos concentrarnos en la mejor manera de integrar a los inmigrantes no autorizados en nuestra economía, mientras aumentamos el nivel de vida de todas las familias de bajos ingresos.

En vez de prodigar subsidios estatales en Boeing, Raytheon y Corrections Corporation of America para militarizar la frontera y encarcelar a inmigrantes no criminales, podríamos sacar muchos más beneficios enviando una pequeña fracción de aquel dinero a las regiones de México y América Central que envían emigrantes, para crear empleos, viviendas, y servicios de educación y salud.  Y si quisiéramos ser excesivamente sensatos, podríamos gastar el resto en las mismas cosas aquí en nuestra casa.

Es poco probable que la inmigración no autorizada vuelva a alcanzar los niveles de hace 10 a 15 años.  Pero si aumenta de nuevo en una auténtica recuperación económica, la reforma migratoria debe conceder suficientes visas a los trabajadores de pocas cualificaciones para satisfacer las demandas de la economía por su trabajo, sin perjudicar a los trabadores parecidos ya aquí.  Esto requerirá negociación y ajuste continuo.  Un buen modo de facilitar esto sería conformar una comisión pública de actores interesados en la inmigración de los sindicatos, las comunidades, la academia y las empresas, tal como ya tenemos en las comunicaciones, el comercio, la banca y otras áreas.

Para hacer frente a los retos reales de seguridad fronteriza, podríamos aprender algo del ex-fiscal general del estado de Arizona, Terry Goddard.  El plan detallado que ha presentado les pegaría duro a los carteles criminales transnacionales donde más les duele, atacando a su capacidad de lavar dinero y de mover sus productos a través de la línea.

Como dijo el humorista Stephen Colbert de la “oleada fronteriza” propuesta por políticos anti-inmigrantes, “Pues, funcionó bien en Irak.  Ya casi no ves a ningunos mexicanos que se cuelan en Bagdad.”


Peter Costantini ha reportado sobre temas de migración para Inter Press Service por varios años. También ha escrito para muchas publicaciones sobre México, Haití, Nicaragua y la economía internacional.


Enlaces

Peter Costantini. “OP-ED: If You Build It, They Will Go Around It.” New York: Inter Press Service, July 29, 2013. http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/07/op-ed-if-you-build-it-they-will-go-around-it

Peter Costantini. “If You Build It, They Will Go Around It: The Insanity of a Border Fence”. Common Dreams, July 30, 2013. http://www.commondreams.org/view/2013/07/30-5

Peter Costantini. “Immigration: If You Build It, They Will Go Around It”. Crossover Dreams (blog), Huffington Post, August 5, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/crossover-dreams/if-you-build-it-they-will_1_b_3699559.html

Peter Costantini. “Jornalero Juan Us Tiquiram” (video sobre un jornalero guatemalteco en Estados Unidos). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Ble0ZrrRA8

Referencias

Francisco Alba. “Mexico: The New Migration Narrative”. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, April 2013. http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?id=947

Ana Avendaño, Director of the AFL-CIO Immigrant Worker Program. Telephone interviews by Peter Costantini, December 28, 2006, March 30, 2009 and January 20, 2010.

Damian Cave. “Better Lives for Mexicans Cut Allure of Going North”. New York: New York Times, July 6, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/07/06/world/americas/immigration.html

Daniel Chiquiar& Alejandrina Salcedo. “Mexican Migration to the United States: Underlying Economic Factors and Possible Scenarios for Future Flows”. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute & Wilson Center, April 2013. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/RMSG-MexicoFlows.pdf

Congressional Budget Office. “The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market: An Update”. Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office, July 2010. http://cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/116xx/doc11691/07-23-immigrants_in_labor_force.pdf

Wayne A. Cornelius. “Reforming the Management of Migration Flows from Latin America to the United States”. Washington, DC: Brooking Institution, December 2008. http://ccis.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/WP-170.pdf

Peter Costantini. “Q&A: ‘Helping the Most Vulnerable Benefits All Workers’”. Seattle: Inter Press Service, June13, 2009. http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/06/qa-helping-the-most-vulnerable-benefits-all-workers/

Jorge Durand, Profesor de Antropología Social, Universidad de Guadalajara, Co-Director of Mexican Migration Project. http://mmp.opr.princeton.edu. Telephone interview by Peter Costantini, December 11, 2006.

The Economist. “The peso crisis, ten years on: Tequila slammer”. London: The Economist, December 29, 2004. http://www.economist.com/node/3524948

Walter Ewing. “Busting the Myth of the ‘Job Stealing’ Immigrant”. Washington, DC: Immigration Impact, June 14, 2013. http://immigrationimpact.com/2013/06/14/evidence-shows-that-immigration-does-not-increase-unemployment/

Terry Goddard. “How to Fix a Broken Border: A Three-Part Series”. Washington, DC: Immigration Policy Center, May 2012. http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/perspectives/how-fix-broken-border-three-part-series

Gordon Hanson. “The Economics and Policy of Illegal Immigration in the United States”. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, December 2009. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/hanson-dec09.pdf

Julia Hotchkiss, Myriam Quispe-Agnoli, and Fernando Rios-Avila. “The Wage Impact of Undocumented Workers”. Atlanta, GA: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, March 2012. http://www.frbatlanta.org/documents/pubs/wp/wp1204.pdf

Immigration Policy Center. “The Unauthorized Population Today: Number Holds Steady at 11 Million, Three-Fifths Have Been Here More Than a Decade”. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, March 22, 2011. http://immigrationpolicy.org/just-facts/unauthorized-population-today

Gerald D. Jaynes. “A Conversation About the Economic Effects of Immigrants on African Americans”.Washington, DC: Immigration Policy Center, July 2009. http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/Gerald%20Jaynes%20071409.pdf

Benjamin Todd Jealous. “No Second-Class Families”. Huffington Post, May 10, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/benjamin-todd-jealous/no-second-class-families_b_3253713.html

Christine Kovic. “Migrant Deaths and the New Disappeared on the South Texas Border”. Mexico City: CIP Americas Program, June 21, 2013. http://www.cipamericas.org/archives/9786

Douglas Massey, Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs, Princeton University, Co-Director of Mexican Migration Project. http://mmp.opr.princeton.edu. Telephone interview by Peter Costantini, May 22, 2006.

Todd Miller. “Creating a Military-Industrial-Immigration Complex”. New York: The Nation, July 11, 2013. http://www.thenation.com/article/175211/creating-military-industrial-immigration-complex

Demetrios G. Papademetriou, Doris Meissner& Carlos Gutierrez              . “Thinking Regionally to Compete Globally: Leveraging Migration & Human Capital in the U.S., Mexico, and Central America”. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute & Wilson Center, May 7, 2013. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/RMSG-FinalReport.pdf

Jeffrey Passel, D’Vera Cohn and Ana Gonzalez-Barrera. “Net Migration from Mexico Falls to Zero – and Perhaps Less”. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, May 3, 2012. http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/23/net-migration-from-mexico-falls-to-zero-and-perhaps-less/

Giovanni Peri. ”The Effect of Immigrants on U.S. Employment and Productivity”. San Francisco, CA: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, August 30, 2010. http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2010/el2010-26.html

Real Estate Law. “What is adverse possession?” Free Advice (web site), 2013. http://real-estate-law.freeadvice.com/real-estate-law/real-estate-law/adverse_possession.htm

Heidi Shierholz. “Immigration and wages – Methodological advancements confirm modest gains for native workers”. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, February 4, 2010. http://www.epi.org/page/-/bp255/bp255.pdf

Jack Strauss. “Allies, Not Enemies: How Latino Immigration Boosts African American Employment and Wages”. Washington, DC: Immigration Policy Center, June 12, 2013. http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/perspectives/allies-not-enemies-how-latino-immigration-boosts-african-american-employment-and-wages

Lisa Sullivan. “Familias separadas, sufrimiento y muerte– resultados de la militarización de la frontera”. Ciudad de México: CIP Programa de las Américas, 8 julio 2013. http://www.cipamericas.org/es/archives/9985

Sergio Zermeño. “Desolation: Mexican Campesinos and Agriculture in the 21st Century”. New York: NACLA Report on the Americas, September 2008. https://nacla.org/node/4942

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Are immigrants really more prevalent in the U.S. today? http://www.ips.org/blog/ips/are-immigrants-really-more-prevalent-in-the-u-s-today/ http://www.ips.org/blog/ips/are-immigrants-really-more-prevalent-in-the-u-s-today/#comments Fri, 24 Aug 2012 19:21:28 +0000 Kim-Jenna Jurriaans http://www.ips.org/blog/ips/?p=12109 For those who missed it, last week U.S. President Obama’s new “deferred action” immigration program went into effect, halting the immediate deportation of young undocumented immigrants and allowing them to apply for work permits instead – which they did by the thousands.

In light of the ongoing immigration debate [...]]]> For those who missed it, last week U.S. President Obama’s new “deferred action” immigration program went into effect, halting the immediate deportation of young undocumented immigrants and allowing them to apply for work permits instead – which they did by the thousands.

In light of the ongoing immigration debate – which is likely to flare up as the presidential race heats up – I was intrigued when I stumbled on these graphs that NPR’s Lam Thuy Vo put together for Planet Money this week, based on the latest U.S. Census data.

Used with permission from the author, Lam Thuy Vo | NPR Planet Money

Aptly called “100 years of Immigration in two graphs” the illustrations highlight that the percentage of foreign-born people residing in the U.S. is actually roughly the same as a century ago – it’s the origin of that foreign-born population, however, that has drastically changed and become more diverse.

Where a century ago 13.4 percent  of people living in the U.S. were foreign born and 87.2 percent of those were European, today, about 12.8 percent are foreign born, but only 12.3 percent of that group are European. Instead, Latin America and Asia take the immigration crown, with Mexico being country-of-origin numero uno.

With the public debate in the U.S. often focussing on how the total number of current immigrants breaks historic records, preferably accompanied by dramatic data graphs that start in the immigration-poor 1960s, it’s nice to see NPR’s clear data visualisation providing a larger historical and national context.

On a side note, last month I wrote about Mexican-born Librada Paz receiving the Rober F. Kennedy Award for her struggle for farmworkers’ rights, hers being a life story not unlike that of many undocumented immigrants now benefiting from Obama’s decree.

For more on the unseen effects of the U.S. deportation policies on families, read IPS’ Zoha Ashad’s piece this week.

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